Neo-Bohemia: Art and Commerce in the Postindustrial City

About the Author Richard Lloyd is a known social critique. His observation upon the society’s progress has naturally assisted people in seeing the situation that they are in several perspectives of social development. His approach on criticizing the present has naturally rooted from the understanding that he has gained from the past. Through this particular process of observation and explanation of the human society’s development, Lloyd captures the attention of both the old generation and that of the new age civilization. Whereas, it is through this procedure of giving the society a glimpse of what is actually happening that more people are able to benefit from the clarity of the author’s description of the current situation. About the Book As mentioned earlier, the book of Lloyd attempts to clarify the actual situation that the human society is involved in at present. This particular reading, as per noted by the author, aims to show the balance as well as the imbalance that happens in the society with regards the developments that are happening with technological innovations as well as the cultural get-up of moist communities today because of the deepening effects of globalization in the lives of the people around the world. To make the discussion less-broad, the author intended to portray the situation in the ways by which the people are situated in a small community whereas, the people’s lives are further intertwined because of the fact that they are living in a single system; a single neighborhood that makes them and their activities collaborate with that of the others. It is a process by which the author simply concise a whole wide world view into a smaller scope of area of understanding so as to be able to help the readers understand the bigger picture of the situation. Content and Summary In a ten-chapter–based discussion, Lloyd particularly opened the minds of the readers to the truth that globalization, technological innovation and industrialization has brought the human society with. Through the discussions of the three major agents of social advancement, Lloyd showed the benefits of the process which are mostly obvious to the human mind and understanding. However, he also noted the negative effects of the progress as the situation becomes vulgarly connected to the devastating situations that are present in the society today. Constant agitation over the social status of the different types of people involved in the process and the ones that they particularly oppress unknowingly helped Lloyd in making his arguments quite stronger and obvious for the common mind to understand. On Industrialization and Globalization: Lloyd particularly recognizes the idea that obvious progress has been implied by the different procedures of industrialization that the commercial sectors of the society have implied upon the human generations through the years. The increased process of employing more and more individuals in the industries have made it possible for the developing nations to follow on through with the developments of the international trade and the world economy as well. However, behind the developments of the society in terms of employment and commercial progress of business organizations, it is almost unnoticeable among those who are gaining profit in the system that they are already becoming wealthy at the expense of others. This is the reason why the theory of Darwinism on poor becoming poorer and the rich becoming richer has been developed to explain the situation. The increased number of child labor is also alarming that it has made it possible for several social organizations to put up programs avoiding the said situations. On Technological Advancements: The society today recognizes the idea that people today [being led by the young generation] engages in a considerable manner of accepting the advancements of technology in an undeniably welcoming manner. Most often than not, the process of technological innovation and invasion in the human society have been much beneficial at almost every cost of living in the present civilization’s process of dealing with everyday challenges and tasks. On the contrary, the downside of the situation is that as the technological innovation increases, the dependability of the society upon the technological machines also increases. At some point, Lloyd sees this in an objective manner. However, it could not be denied that along with this particular progression in the society’s ability of facing the daily challenges that they are supposed to deal with, the willingness of people to solve things on their own have diminished. The dependability that they place upon the systems of technology actually makes it harder for the people to recognize their real capabilities in facing the difficulties of life. Critique of the Author’s Writing Approach Lloyd’s trademark of not using vulgar words simply to avoid boredom in the discussion has made his writing quite professional and authoritative. However, this does not mean that the book was such a bore. In fact, reading tit makes it easier for the readers to understand the social situation in a better picture that suits their comprehension. Most likely, reading through the pages of the reading naturally helps the readers see the approach of the writer as rather friendly yet authoritative, this means that the values of the readers as the ones to comprehend upon the reading is conscientiously carried on through the process by the author. Through this approach, the book was not a bore, but an interesting material that serves as an impeccable picture of the reality of situations happening in the society today. Overall Reaction and Recommendation The reading as per authored by Richard Lloyd is a fine read for every social studies students who are aiming to see the human situation in a much more practical picture. The metaphors and the illustrations used by the author in this reading also makes it a fine read for ordinary people who simply want to know about the different developments in the society and how they particularly affect the lives of the human generations in a much more practical manner. The usage of the words and the choice of language tone on the part of the author makes this particular read applicable for all the ages wanting to learn about the society as well. Overall, Lloyd’s book is indeed a fine read. Reference: Richard Lloyd. (2005). Neo-Bohemia: Art and Commerce in the Postindustrial City. Routledge; 1 edition. Â   Â   Â  

Impulsive Buying Essay

Impulsive consumer behavior is widely recognized nowadays. Impulse buying accounts for almost 80% of purchases in some product categories and shopping is a major leisure and lifestyle activity in many countries (Kacen & Lee 2002). Impulsive buying generates over $4 billion of annual sales in the United States. Impulsive consumer buying behavior is regarded as a hedonically complex purchase behavior in which the thoughtful, deliberate consideration of all information and choice alternatives is precluded. It has been suggested that purchases of new products result more and more from impulsive buying rather than planned purchases. Furthermore, the globalization in the expression of technologies, telemarketing and the internet increases the consumer impulsive buying opportunities. Impulse buying is a pervasive and distinctive aspect of the consumer’s lifestyle and is also a focal point for considerable marketing management activity. A study conducted some decades ago found that between 27 and 62 percent of consumer’s department store purchases fell into the impulse category. Also the century we live in and the marketing innovations such as credit cards, ‘instant credit’, 24-hour retailing, telemarketing and online shopping make it now easier than ever for the consumers to purchase things on impulse. The attempts by researchers to find a clear definition of a phenomenon that cannot be solely described as unplanned behavior and the opportunity to examine the factors that intervene in its expression was the motivation for this thesis. Furthermore, the history of associating impulsiveness with human weakness and the psychologists and economists’ focus on the ‘irrational’ aspects of such behavior sparks the interest into the topic and uncovers the potential for further research in the field. It is also interesting that the factors that are linked to impulsive buying are also likely to be influenced by culture. Theoretical Framework The understanding of the concept was greatly improved by Stern (1962). Pure impulse purchasing occurs when consumers experience truly impulsive buying, the novelty or escape purchase which breaks a normal buying pattern. His conceptualization was based on the premise that impulsive buying can be pure, planned, reminder and suggestion, and is linked to consumer’s exposure to stimulus. Kollat and Willet (1969) interchangeably used â€Å"unplanned† and â€Å"impulsive† purchasing. Rook and Hoch (1985) focused attention on the cognitive and emotional aspect of consumer’s involvement in impulsive purchasing. The construction of the phenomenon’s definition was resting on consumers’ descriptions of thoughts and emotions experienced during impulse purchasing situations. They came up with 5 distinctive elements that draw the difference between impulsive and planned purchases: (1) feeling a â€Å"sudden and spontaneous desire to act†; (2) being in a â€Å"state of psychological disequilibrium†; (3) experiencing a â€Å"psychological conflict and struggle†; (4) reducing â€Å"cognitive evaluation†; (5) consuming â€Å"without regard for the consequences†. Summarizing the five dimensions, Rook (1987) identified impulsive purchasing as a â€Å"sudden, often powerful and persistent urge to buy something immediately. It is a hedonically complex and emotionally conflicting behavior which is prone to occur with diminished regard for its consequences.† As it can be seen, a shift in the elements comprising the definitions can be observed. Piron (1991) offers a new definition as an answer to his critique of the previous attempt for definition: impulse purchasing is (1) unplanned, (2) the result of an exposure to a stimulus, (3) decided â€Å"on the spot†. Kacen and Lee (2002) define the concept as â€Å"unplanned purchase† that is characterized by (1) relatively rapid decision-making, and (2) a subjective bias in favor of immediate possession. They further contributed with their work by investigating how cultural factors affect impulsive buying which gains better insights about understanding the phenomenon. The authors’ research makes a contribution in recognizing that understanding impulse buying solely on a Western point of view is incomplete. The Western-individualist emphasis on the self, individual needs and desires, and hedonistic pleasures encourages impulsive buying behavior. The Eastern-collectivist notions of the self, the interdependence, emotional control, emphasis on group needs and desires would discourage impulsive buying. Emotions Emotions being the main driver of impulsive buying behavior have been the subject of debates in terms of terminology. Scientists use the term affect as a general category that encompasses emotions, moods and attitudes. The mental state of readiness that arises from cognitive appraisals of events or thoughts is what characterizes emotions. The line between emotions and mood is difficult to be drawn. It is often said that mood is longer lasting and lower in intensity than an emotion. Other researches add to this that emotions are typically intentional while mood is generally non-intentional and global. Attitudes are often considered instances of affect. Some authors define them as evaluative judgments rather than emotional states. Others make no distinction between evaluative judgments and affect. Still others propose that attitudes have two components: cognitive and affective dimensions. To sum up, the terms emotions, affect, attitudes, moods are all used inconsistently in the literat ure. Rather than focusing on exploring the definitions of impulsive buying behavior, the contribution of this thesis will be to examine the emotional arousal behind the phenomenon and factors moderating people’s inclination to such a type of behavior. This will include interpersonal influence and the presence or lack of self-control. Early research concluded that susceptibility to interpersonal influence is a general trait that varies across persons and occurrences. Further, susceptibility to influence by others is related to personal characteristics. Cox and Bauer (1964) pointed out that people with low self-esteem comply with others’ suggestions in order to avoid social disapproval. Berkowitz & Lundy (1957) also found out that persons who score low in interpersonal confidence ratings are most susceptible to peer influence. Problem statement and research goal Previous research has numerous attempts for giving a clear definition of impulsive buying but somehow the definitions capture different aspects of the phenomenon and fail to address a complete and exact definition. Much of the work on impulsive buying inherently implies negative attributes to the concept. However, once consumers buy products for fun, fantasy, social or emotional gratification, impulsive buying may be viewed as a valued pastime rather than a simple acquisition of goods (Hausman, 2000). Researchers have shown that many factors influence impulsive buying such as consumer’s mood, trait buying impulsiveness, demographic factors, and culture. This study aims at discussing emotions, interpersonal influence and self-control as factors expected t have a substantial influence on consumer’s impulsive purchases. Feelings do predict behavior. So if you are feeling hurt, threatened or bored, what are you likely to do? What about if you are happy or interested? Would you go to the movies, go out with friends or go shopping? What about buying things not intended? To assess how well people control their impulses, regulate emotions, manage performances, maintain self-discipline, and break out of bad habits, is a difficult task. The consumption experience is replete with emotion, often of a high degree of intensity. What has been overlooked is the social aspect of emotions, while most of the research done is concerned with the individual conceptualization of emotions. Emotions are not simply internal events but are communicative acts and are also addressed in the consumption environment of an individual (Parkinson 1996, Bearden 1989). A matter of discussion is how the emotional state of an individual influences his impulsive buying behavior. Whether positive or negative emotions, the two extremes of the emotional state, have a stronger effect has been a matter of debate for a long time among researchers and is still argued. Furthermore, does shopping with others have an impact on impulsive purchases (Luo 2005)? If emotions are social and are expressed in a stronger way when being with a friend or family member, then it can be expected that the tendency to indulge in impulsive purchases will increase. However, another factor also plays a major role in the buyer behavior – self-control. Every individual has a different ability for self-control and self-control failure may be the reason for impulsive purchasing. Can we control our behavior and emotions when we are depressed or when we are happy? Will the presence or lack of self-control evolve into impulsive purchases? The main problem investigated is: * How does the emotional state (positive VS negative emotions) influence impulsive buying behavior? Statement of the Hypothesis H1: More positive emotional state (strong positive emotions and weak negative emotions) can lead to higher impulsive buying behavior. Since emotional experience is taken to be mainly private, emotion communication is seen to depend on prior account on individual emotions. Often, a person’s relationships with others are a central concern of emotions. Given the obvious importance of interpersonal relations that cause emotions, it might seem surprising that psychological research has focused mainly on non-social manipulations in which a single individual is presented with his/her emotional range. Many of the things that get people emotional about relate to other people (Parkinson, 1996). Emotions can feed into the ongoing interpersonal process and cause similar or contrasting emotions in others. H2: The presence of others at the time of purchase has a positive effect on impulsive buying behavior. Shoppers could be often heard to say â€Å"I really shouldn’t†. The prices are high, the budget is tight, and an item is not desperately needed so it seems that a reasonable behavior for the buyer would be not to purchase the item. But there come the alliance of wants, impulses and emotions that all serve to convince the shopper that the item will bring happiness, at least for a while. Thus, the decision in this situation is dependable on the conflict between strengths of self-control and desire. Self-control refers to the self’s capacity to alter its own states and responses (Baumeister, 2002). The ability to maintain self-control and successfully implement long-run decisions depends on the relative strength of the opposing forces of desire and willpower. In psychoanalytic theory, the conflict of desire and willpower is presented as a fluctuation between primary process thinking which is impulse driven, irrational and seeks immediate gratification at any cost, and secondary process thinking which is patient, logical and has the will to postpone gratification for future long-run goals (Loewenstein & Hoch, 1991). State of the Art Related Literature For over fifty years, consumer researchers have strived to form a better definition of impulse buying. Early studies on impulse buying stemmed from managerial and retailer interests. Research in this vein placed its emphasis on the taxonomic approach to classifying products into impulse and non-impulse items in order to facilitate marketing strategies such as point-of-purchase advertising, merchandising, or in-store promotions. This approach is limited by a definitional myopia, which simply equates impulse buying to unplanned purchasing (Bellenger, Robertson, and Hirschman 1978; Kollat and Willet 1967; Stern 1962). Impulse buying generates over $4 billion in annual sales volume in the United States. With the growth of e-commerce and television shopping channels, consumers have easy access to impulse purchasing opportunities, but little is known about this sudden, compelling, hedonically complex purchasing behavior in non-Western cultures. Yet cultural factors moderate many aspects of consumer’s impulsive buying behavior, including self-identity, normative influences, the suppression of emotion, and the postponement of instant gratification. From a multi-country survey of consumers in Australia, United States, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia, our analyses show that both regional level factors (individualism–collectivism) and individual cultural difference factors (independent –interdependent self-concept) systematically influence impulsive purchasing behavior. (Julie Anne Lee, Department of Marketing, University of Hawaii–Manoa) According to Jacqueline J. Kacen, Department of Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Impulsive consumer buying behavior is a widely recognized phenomenon in the United States.It accountsfor up to 80% of all purchases in certain product categories (Abrahams, 1997;Smith, 1996), and it has been suggested that purchases of new products result more from impulse purchasing than from prior planning (Sfiligoj, 1996). A 1997 study found that an estimated $4.2 billion annual store volume was generated by impulse sales of items such as candy and magazines (Mogelonsky, 1998). Paco Underhill, author of Why We Buy: The Science of Shopping (1999), affirms that many purchases are being made on the premises of stores themselves as customers give in to their impulses. Furthermore, technologies such as television shopping channels and the Internet expand consumers’ impulse purchasing opportunities, increasing both the accessibility to products and services and the ease with which impulse purchases can be made.Impulsive buying behavior is a sudden, compelling,hedonically complex purchasing behavior in which the rapidity of the impulse purchase decision process precludes thoughtful, deliberate consideration of all information and choice alternatives (Bayley & Nancorrow, 1998; Rook 1987;Thompson, Locander, & Pollio, 1990;Weinberg &Gottwald,1982). This description is largely based on interviews and surveys of Westerners.

Speak Response to Literature

â€Å"It is easier not to say anything. Shut your trap, button your lip; can it. All that crap you hear on TV about communication and expressing feelings is a lie. Nobody really wants to hear what you have to say. † (Speak. Pg. 9, Paragraph 4. ) Everyone at some point in their lives have felt that terrifying feeling of dejection, sorrow, anger, frustration and pain. Whether it is an action done by one or an action done by others, there is always the fear of being judged, to which people decide it is best if they don’t talk their problems with others.Melinda used to be a serene, sweet loving girl that loved to play sports and had a good relationship with her parents and friends, but suddenly, as she started her first high school year, she skips days of school, drop her grades and feels completely empty. The tones of fear and relief in Speak, by Laurie Halse Anderson reflect an inner growth presented by the main character when she overcomes the challenging and devastating condition of being sexually abused.The foreshadowing presented several times in the story reinforces the mystery and the intrigue in the reader as it discovers and resolves the conflict and causes of it. In the beginning of the book, Melinda expresses what she has â€Å"been dreading†; she is the â€Å"Outcast† and the only person â€Å"in the entire galaxy [she is] dying to tell what really happened† (Pg. 3, Paragraph 3; Pg. 4, Paragraph 2. ) and whom she trusted all her life, Rachelle, Melinda’s best friend until 8th grade, hates her to death.For this reason the reader can infer that something inconveniently awful occurred since there is a very sudden shift in their friendship that caused not only their total isolation, but also, feelings of anger and resentment. The author does this to emphasize a sense of interest, charm and curiosity as a hook to capture the reader’s attention from the beginning to build up the plot in the story. Equally, lat er on in the book, there is a shocking event when Melinda gets trapped with Andy Evans in the janitor’s office; she was about to â€Å"wet [her] pants† as Andy lividly â€Å"cracks his knuckles† and â€Å"stares at [her] without talking. (Pg. 193, Paragraph 3. ) As Melinda gets corned face to face with her biggest fear, the reader feels anxious wondering whether he is going to rape her again or is Melinda going to stand up for herself, be courageous and take revenge from that pervert selfish man. The author does this to built suspense in the reader as it gets to the ending resolution of the book’s plot; this anxiety is built up by giving small clues that indicate certain actions. For this reason the reader is able to get the traumatic feelings of terror and affliction from a likely experience.The symbolism behind the abandoned janitor’s office in Speak, conveys the reader of the powerful conflict of man versus self. In a moment of trouble, Melinda discovers the inactive and decrepit janitor’s office and she describes it as an â€Å"abandoned [place] – [with] no purpose, no name† and finds is it appropriate for her. (Pg. 25, Paragraph 4. ) The closet represents isolation from the rest of the school as well as it provides her with a place of self-reflection and tranquil safety.The author does this to emphasize Melinda’s affliction and her insecurity, hiding from people and not expressing her feelings to others. Consequently, the Secret Annex was a place for protection and avoiding any type of harm during the World War II in which Anne Frank and her family lived for a very long time. Furthermore, in the end of the story, Melinda is packing her stuff from the closet when suddenly, â€Å"some body slams into [her] chest and nocks [her] back into† it (Pg. 193, Paragraph 3. ); she trapped with Andy Evans, the beast that hurt her once and came to do it once more.As they were fighting, Melinda break s the mirror hanging form the wall and â€Å"wrap [her] fingers around a triangle of glass†; she holds it into Andy Evans neck â€Å"hard enough to raise one drop of blood†. Immediately, â€Å"his lips are paralyzed† and â€Å" cannot speak†. Melinda added, â€Å"I said no† (Pg. 195, Paragraph 2. ). The closet reflects the place of self-transformation as she becomes courageous and gains control of the situation to fight for herself. The author does this to demonstrate the rewarding satisfaction of fighting over the problems and the huge change that involved courage and maturity.Melinda is able to defeat her biggest fear by growing up, having confidence in herself just like an invincible hero. The first person point of view gives the reader a personal-hand experience of the struggle the protagonist experience as she overcomes her condition. After confronting the truth about what happened that night in a TV show, she feels extremely sick, devastated and confesses, â€Å"My head is killing me, my throat is killing me, my stomach bubbles with toxic waste. (†¦) A coma would be nice. †¦) Anything just to get rid of this, these thoughts, whispers in my mind. Did he rape my head too? † (Pg. 165, Paragraph 2. ) When the character starts reflecting about what happened, she feels fearful and uncertain. The author does this to help the reader understand a personal experience by getting inside her head, which is the only place where Melinda expresses without restrictions or concerns of being judged by her parents, friends and society. In the last pages of the story, Melinda makes a self-reflection in which she says, â€Å"IT happened.There is no avoiding it, no forgetting. No running away, or flying, or burying, or hiding. (†¦) It wasn’t my fault. He hurt me. It wasn’t my fault. And I’m not going to let it kill me. I can grow. † (Pg. 198, Paragraph 1. ) As Melinda cogitates on the events t hat occurred that night, she has a drastic transformation from her mature beliefs compared to her callow, insecure ones. The author uses this point of view to emphasize the emotional and personal growth of the protagonist by becoming courageous and confronting her fear.This perspective is intended so the reader can feel empathy and understanding as it becomes aware of the main character’s personal opinions. Melinda’s challenge reinforces life’s most challenging task, growing up. Being in such a traumatic age of 14 to 16, it is very hard to deal with these types of situations that are ordinary in our society but are often excluded from conversations; however Melinda’s actions should endure as being a raw model to other people that have experienced the same abuse.Society should protect and look after everyone involved in any abuse, instead, of being so close-minded and judgmental. Furthermore, in order for these abuses to stop, people should gain courage to defend themselves by denouncing their acts; the society around them should not let these misdoings be forgotten with neglect. Bibliography Halse Anderson, Laurie. Speak. New York: Penguin Group, 2009. Print.

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Ethics - Essay Example This level of ethical expectation extends to a great litany of different areas and portends a high level of expectation for the individual educator. As such, the article that will be analyzed â€Å"teaching to the test† reveals the way in which rigid state and federal standards have encouraged many struggling school districts, and individual teachers, to attempt the unethical approach of teaching to the test as a means of passing whatever requirement might exist at the given time. Naturally, this practice in and of itself is troublesome; however, when one considers it from both the standpoint of the utility that the student gains and the ethical ramifications for how the educational process takes shape, a nuanced understanding of the impact of such an approach is able to be understood. The core ethical issue that must be understood is the fact that the educators themselves are encouraging a level of unethical behavior that is both unfair to the educational process as well as u nfair to the end student. In order to understand this unethical behavior, it is necessary to delve in to the motivating factors that encourage it take place initially. Ultimately, the educational system, as it exists today, as both state and federal standards that must be met at multiple times throughout any given school year. As such, teachers are not only required to transmit the information that they are responsible for providing to the students, they must also take a sizable chunk of their time to instruct and prepare the students for taking standardized tests that will not only rank the student as compared to the rest of the students within the state, school system, or nation, they also have a profound impact upon the overall level of school ranking and funding levels that are received in subsequent periods. As such, the overall importance of these standardized tests cannot be understated. Unfortunately, even thus far in my own professional and student development, I have seen this take place. The first time that it was evidenced to me was with regards to taking the PSATs in high school. Rather than using this opportunity to fill in the gaps of any education that the students might have missed out on, the teacher merely hurried to provide a way of what can only be described as â€Å"educated guessing†. The second time this practice was noted it was in an 8th grade classroom that I was observing. The teacher, although highly qualified spent the bulk of her time going through a standardized test and pointing out how to delineate the correct answer; rather than teaching the material and explaining what the rationale behind it was. The third time that this took place was in my final year of high school as state standards of educational attainment from K-12 were being measured. Although the senior year of high school is normally at a slower pace than the other years, the educators cut short much of the information that would otherwise have been presente d as a means of focusing on the standardized test that was of more importance to the local district and the funding levels that the educators would have to divvy up than it was to the individual students. Accordingly, as the article notes, a highly unethical practice has emerged within many of the more troubled school districts throughout the nation. In addition to not spending enough time on the subject at hand, educators throughout the system have been teaching to the test instead of

Strategic Marketing Management 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Strategic Marketing Management 2 - Assignment Example The target market comprise of early adopters and technophiles. The marketing mix for Prius shows that it is a great product with superior technology. It has used great promotions and effective distribution channel in order to promote Prius. The internal resources of the company namely the production system, corporate culture, distribution channels and financial resources are the key factors which have helped Toyota attain market leadership. The report then analyzes the external situation in terms of competition and macro environment. There is intense rivalry among the major players namely GM, Ford, Chrysler, Honda, Nissan. Honda was the first company to launch hybrid cars after Toyota. The macro environmental factors include strict emission norms by the US government, efforts to save the domestic industry and so on. The report concludes with the SWOT analysis of the company and with strategic recommendations. Toyota first entered US in 1957. Today Toyota is the market leader in the global automobile market. The production system of Toyota is accepted worldwide and every company is trying to implement the production system of Toyota. Realizing the need for economical cars, Toyota was the first company in the world to come out with hybrid technology cars. It came out with the Prius in 2000. The share of hybrid vehicles in US is 2.5% which is the highest in the world. The report tries to analyze the internal and external situation that is affecting Toyota Prius. It tries to find out the market situation, target market, marketing mix, supplier situation and the internal resources and capabilities of Toyota. It then analyzes the external environment in the context of industry rivalry and the macro environment. The automobile industry in US was the largest in the world till 2009. It was the most attractive destination for all car manufacturers. However due to recession which has affected US the most, the sales has declined considerably. The sales of automobile

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 23

Management - Essay Example After that I would be working on my mathematical and financial skills. This would take another one hour. Gradually I would be increasing my practice session to four to five hours in a week. I wish to build a strong communication and an analytical capacity so I will put in around 2 to 3 hours working on my vocabulary and math skills. I will also have to spend time on reading about the daily finance news to keep myself abreast of the latest information on financial matters. I will put in a minimum of 1 hour reading about the information from the daily newspapers and business magazines. In short I plan to put in five hours per week while preparing for my interview in a relevant sector. 1. As I wish to rise in my career I will have to develop my speaking and communicating abilities. I wish to reach a senior level in three years so I will be emphasizing on speech, vocabulary and the right usage of words. As I am married my non career life would compose of my family, my parents, my spouse and my children. I am a family oriented man and as such family values a lot to me. But I also realized that there are certain places where I lack in terms of family values and its requirements. I have been married for two years and have a single son. I wish to have more children in future. I also have elderly parents who are sick and need help. My mother is on wheel chair and needs to be accompanied by someone. I value them a lot other than my career so I would like to increase my time I spend with them. My parents love vacations so would like to take them on short trips. This would help me to bind with them more and also improve my interactions with them. My mother likes to read so I would have to develop the skill to read to her the books she likes. For this would have to develop my reading skills so as to sound interesting to my mother. My wife is not to be neglected here. So I would need to make

Nuclear Terrorism Cons & Risks - United States Essay

Nuclear Terrorism Cons & Risks - United States - Essay Example In the eve of Nuclear Security Summit in April 2010, President Barrack Obama pronounced the prospect of nuclear terrorism as the biggest threat to US security in long term, medium term and short term (Michael, 2012). Equally, in the final report of 2011, the Commission reported the threat from terrorists armed with a weapon of mass destruction as the greatest danger faced by America. The Union of Concerned Scientists considers the development of nuclear items as the biggest long-term threat facing the US and International security nowadays. Fenopetov, et.al (2011) noted that the efforts by various countries of the post-soviet space and those extra-regional actors to form an inclusive, cooperative security structure that can deal with new postmodern threats have very little success. Nuclear pose both direct and indirect threats to US security. Direct threats to US security start from the proliferation, nuclear terrorism, unauthorized or inadvertent use and risk of accidents (Below, 2009). The US has several licensed nuclear power reactors that generate a certain percentage of the total energy consumed in the US. The location of several nuclear reactors is near large population centers. Many experts consider US nuclear reactors to be of high-value aim for a terrorist resolute to perpetrate large-scale death and destruction in the United States. A report commissioned by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) showed security vulnerability associated with the energy system. The report noted that the close location to population centers makes those centers prime candidates for strategic nuclear targeting or conventional bombing. Currently, nuclear proliferation is another pressing threat. Mostly those countries that have differences with the US and its allies are likely to acquire nuclear weapons. In pursuit of their ambitions, countries such as Iran and North Korea have violated the non-proliferation duties and defied the

Consultancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consultancy - Essay Example The need for consultants with specialized skills, expertise and experience would never seize although a more value based approach should be provided with focus on understanding needs of the client, context they work in and measurable deliverables. Critical Review During the past two decades the role of management consultants has increased dramatically in the public domain. These management consultants, once only famous in the competitive private sector became an important supporting element in the public sector but not without attention paid to the outcomes and costly services offered by them (O'Mahoney, 2006). According to the Central Government’s use of Consultants report (2007) presented by the committee of public accounts – house of commons, the expenditure made by the British government on services procured through management consultancies from 1997 to 2006 is totalled at about GBP 20 Billion. The report highlighted many flaws in procuring consultancy practices by public organizations and their outcomes, although it also emphasizes that consultants if used appropriately can result in enormous benefits to a public initiative. After the elections of 2010 in UK, the government has pledged to decrease consultancy spending in major projects. According to Management Consultancies Association (MCA) these measures resulted in a decrease of 33 percent in consultancy revenues. This drop led to consultancies relying heavily on private sector which is itself heavily burdened due to tough economic times. The shrunk business forced many small consultancies to shut down their operations while big consultancies announced job cuts due to tough economic conditions and unreliable market place (MCA, 2013). Both clients whether public or private in nature criticize management consultants for using big words though using the same old management functions. They are also criticized for creating plans that are impossible to execute by the client or not considering lo ng term impacts of the advice given to the client. Some smaller consultancies are also accused of not providing promised deliverables, charge high fees or stating a low fee initially increased later when the project’s timeline are extended. The blame for this extension is often attributed to the client due to non-availability of resources or prerequisites in form of information not fulfilled by the client. Another area of concern is customer services where consultants try to impose pre-determined frameworks on client’s businesses before understanding the context and nature of client’s business. Furthermore once consultancy on a particular project is over, sustainability of results are not guaranteed and customer support is either poor or charged upon separately (Argyris, 2000). Competitor Analysis After the evolution management consultancies saw in 1980s and 1990s the growth started slowing down during 2001 to 2003. In 1980 there were only five consulting firms in the world and by 1990 thirty similar sized firms were established, the growth witnessed by this industry paved way for new consultancies and countless new consultancies were established across the globe (Canback, 1998). Most consultancies work on the eight step model proposed by Harvard

Workplace Diversity and Nondiscrimination Essay

Workplace Diversity and Nondiscrimination - Essay Example he uphill task of supervising the offenders, managing the staff, overseeing administration and promoting community relations in and out of the office. The following paper describes the role played by a criminal justice administrator to address issues of sexual harassment, drug testing, privacy, employment and disability affecting employees. As stated by Cyndi (2008) ‘Although, it is expected that an employee abides by the company laws, it is also the duty of the employer to create a conducive environment, for an employee to work’. To properly ensure this rapport, the criminal justice administrator was introduced. For example, scenarios of sexual harassment have been reported in offices and working places. When such claims are reported the criminal justice administrator has the responsibility of taking up legal actions against the offenders. This could be done by reporting the incident to the local authorities and pushing for legal actions to be taken against the offender. The criminal administrator should also see to it that the victim is adequately and properly compensated (Brian, 2009). Cyndi (2008) explains that many private and public employers attempt to test prospective employees (and employees already on staff) for drug and alcohol use. However, some of these tests are illegal and should not be allowed in the office presentation. Urine and blood testing for drugs has been a normal procedure for an employer to use when selecting their employees. But legal acts prohibit employers from testing employee’s samples without their knowledge or consent (Craig, 2005). When such cases where the employer goes against the legal rights of the employee, the criminal justice administrator should step in and provide legal advice to the victim on the steps to take. Further, the criminal administrator should also report the incident to the authorities and ensure proper compensation. In addition, the employer should respect the privacy and confidentiality of his

Lab 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lab 3 - Essay Example ulum and golgi apparatus are located closer to the plasma membrane due to their functions of self-destruction, releasing toxic substances to the outside environment and collecting waste products. The foundation in the structure of the plasma membrane is the phospholipid bilayer forming a barrier between two aqueous compartments on the two sides of the cell: inside and outside. There are specific functions for proteins embedded in the interior of the phospholipid bilayer. They carry out various functions such as selective transport of molecules and cell to cell identification. Thus, the main function of the plasma membrane is to control the active and passive movement of various substances into and out of the cell. Another major difference is that plant cells have chlorophyll which is a light-absorbing pigment required for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is responsible for giving the plants a green color  and is found in chloroplasts.  Ã‚   However, golgi apparatus, lysosomes and peroxisomes are only found in eukaryotic cells due to  the fact that there are no membranous structures within the prokaryotic cells  except the plasma membrane.    Mitochondria are known as the â€Å"power plant of the cell† because they are responsible for synthesizing most of the energy supply for the cell. This energy is in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondria are also responsible for producing cholesterol and heme and in the self-destruction mechanism of the cell. Mitochondria have circular DNA which replicates similar to bacteria by a reproductive process called fission, they can make their own proteins. Moreover, as the structure always relate to the function, the presence of double membrane, i.e. a smooth outermost membrane and an inner membrane which has many folds known as cristae. The cristae increase the surface area; thereby they enhance productivity of cellular respiration.   Plant cells are known to be rigid structures with a defined shape which is due to the

Critically evaluate the underlying dynamics which were operating in Essay

Critically evaluate the underlying dynamics which were operating in the videoed mediation and negotiation sessions, which formed - Essay Example Movies are considered as that mode, which can be easily understood by almost everyone, no matter how old or young. In this way, this tool of entertainment can help participants to learn from movies and remember the moral of that movie. There are number of movies, within which, the particular lesson can be found. However, a large number of negotiators and mentors create their own movies. The only purpose of creating movies is better customization as compared to commercial movies and other video clips. Arguments, frictions, differences, skirmishes and fights, etc. are some the reasons causing disputes among people. There are various ways of resolving such disputes among which mediation and negotiations pose greater importance. These two techniques are considered as the premier techniques of dispute resolution, however, nowadays these techniques are taught in different style i.e. through videos. This article specifically aims at highlighting the dynamics, which are operating in the medi ation and negotiation session using videos. The structure of this article is formed in such a manner that the brief definitions and explanations of the mediation and negotiation is provided at the initial stage. ... The third party is an impartial and independent party having no interests on either side except the dispute resolution. Independent party listens and understands the viewpoint of both the parties, clarifies the issue, discusses further points, and reaches at an agreement, which is in the best interest of both the parties. This dispute resolution technique is a voluntary technique. However, some organizations may legalize this technique as a compulsory technique for the resolution of internal disputes among the organizational participants. Negotiation Negotiation is also a problem solving techniques for the disputes arising among the parties over a particular matter. Under this technique, both the parties initiate the discussions to resolve the issue in a good faith. Both parties put their points of concerns to each other, understands each other’s viewpoint, discusses and seek their flexibility to bargain over the issue and reaches at an agreement accordingly. The technique is a voluntary technique, however, unlike mediation; no external party to the dispute is involved in this technique. Organizations may use these techniques as a compulsory way of dispute resolutions. Critique and practice are essential for acquiring any new skills, which also includes the ability of mediating and bargaining. However, before trying something, many people prefer watching a skilled person doing that task. This paper aims to reveal how commercial films and videos can be used to enhance the skills of mediation and negotiation. Role Playing vs. Video Role-playing is considered less formal because usually students or viewers burst into humor. Instead of learning the purpose of role-playing, viewers begin to take that as a comedy. Another problem

Toxoplasma Gondi Infection in Mice Essay Example for Free

Toxoplasma Gondi Infection in Mice Essay GI (Gastro-Intestinal) inflammation from Toxoplasma gondii and wheat glutens contribute to schizophrenia, autism and bipolar disorder. It has been suggested that GI inflammation, allows natural microbiota and neuroactive exorphins to enter the blood steam, cross the blood brain barrier and attach to the opioid receptors. In this study exposure to Toxoplasma gondii increased anti-gluten IgG in all the mice who were inoculated. The mice were infected in three different ways, IP (injection into the peritoneal cavity), PO (fed food inoculated with the pathogen) and prenatally (injected). When the female mice were Infected IP, they were more likely to die than males. The mock group of females injected IP, had an increased gluten IgGs, while the males did not. The female immune system responded to stress. When both male and female mice received the pathogen PO, females displayed a larger anti-gluten response. When the females were injected prenatally, the offspring produced, were seropositive to T. gondii and displayed increased gluten IgG levels. Clq levels of the offspring were also elevated (Clq plays a role in synaptic pruning). I picked an article from PLOS (Public Library of Science),created by Dr.  Patrick Brown, a biochemist at Stanford University and Dr. Michael Eisen, a computational biologist at UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. They wanted to speed up progress in science and medicine by creating a nonprofit-open access, to scientific journals and literature under an open content license called the Creative Commons â€Å"attribution† license. This allowed any person to reproduce and distribute information from the website. This allows all people to learn/share knowledge, repeat tests and add more information to current studies. This site is peer reviewed and respected as a reliable source of information. My article has many authors and sources, but in order to keep my critique to two pages I picked the first three people on the works cited. Dr. Emily Severance, received her B. S. in Zoology in 1983. She received her Ph. D. from the University of South Florida and did a postdoctoral fellowship at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (It was ranked the 13th in the nation in 2013) where she studied neurological disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. She is currently an Assistant Professor in the Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology. Her research is well documented and her publications continue to grow. I feel that she has extensive education and experience in this field of study and see her as being well qualified. Geetha Kannan was the second person cited and there was not much information on her. She was an undergraduate at Johns Hopkins at the time this article was published and she has been a research assistant in at least one other study, Gene-environment interactions influence psychiatric disorders, headed by Mikhail V. Pletnikov , M. D. , Ph. D. She was an assistant and therefore I did not consider her to be a qualified source. Thirdly, is Kristin L Gressitt. Attended Salisbury University and received a B. A. in microbiology, before going to Johns Hopkins, where she is currently working as a research specialist. As a research specialist, Kristin’s job is to work under the project manager, performing administrative and operational duties. This is often a junior level position for students, or recent graduates. I can only assume that Kristin is competent, due to the fact that she has been employed at Johns Hopkins for the last three years and has contributed to four published studies. The major purpose of this research was to prove that co-associations between T. gondii and antibodies to wheat gluten cause an inflammatory immune response that in return, result in neuropsychiatric diseases. During my research one bias that I encountered was, the website that published this research project, makes its income by charging publishing fees. This could cause a conflict of interests. Another bias was the lack of data concerning the high mortality of female mice from IP injections. There were no post mortem toxicology or cytology reports. I think that the target audience was set by the website. Since it is established as scholarly, this increases the likely hood that science and medical students will use this website for research. The scholarly reputation will also draw in practicing researchers, doctors and scientists who want to reference the peer reviewed articles and journals. Since this website is full access, you can get the latest findings more timely than most of the conventional research sites. The articles presentation was professional. Bold letters stated the topic and the Abstract really pulled me in, however I do feel that the numerical findings could have been omitted from this paragraph to avoid redundancy. All the materials and methods were well documented. The same testing materials and techniques were used throughout the duration of the study. Graphs were used and it was easy to discriminate which text went to each graph. The introduction, analyses, results and discussion were very easy to follow and understand. As far as I can discern, the scientific method was followed.

Customer behaviour brand loyalty and retention

Customer behaviour brand loyalty and retention Introduction Usually loyalty is expressed by different tendencies towards the brand, store or service. Expressing through attitudes and behaviour generally show these tendencies. Previous work has concentrated more in the service industry, on how repeated the purchases are, i.e. retention and advocacy of the brand (Reichheld, 1996). Retention can be measured by duration of time, in numerous service and utility markets, as a customer. In terms of grocery market, where consumers use several suppliers, the share of category expenditure is one of the behavioural criterion of loyalty and is committed to a brand or store (Cunningham 1956, Dunn and Wrigley, 1984). In service market, while measuring the attitude, researchers have used psychological states such as satisfaction, commitment and trust (Morgan and Hunt, 1994; Ennew and Binks, 1996). Whereas attitude to the brand or the store has been used for the grocery markets. These are the forms of customer loyalty. This paper defines loyalty and talks about the meanings and the complications related to it. As the forms of loyalty are explained initially, further more the relationship between these forms and loyalty is presented with an in depth evidence. This paper also shows the implications of how marketers can implement the customer loyalty in the on the basis of the research carried by few practioners. Defining Loyalty: Meanings and complexities Loyalty can concentrate more on single concept, it can be either attitudinal or behavioural. Though, a great deal of debate over loyalty has focused more on convoluted definitions that may comprise both consequences and antecedents of loyalty. Jacoby and Chestnut (1978) came up with a six-component definition of loyalty that incorporated behaviour and attitude. This method of the conceptualisation of loyalty appears to be partially associated to a requirement to represent the causes of loyalty, and partially semantic, that this is what loyalty means. Semantic considerations provide an establishment in scientific definition, on the contrary the thought that attitude-behaviour congruence is necessary for loyalty looks ill founded. The definition by Oliver (1999) involves a positive relation between behaviour and attitude in loyal groups but Oliver states that this relation is typically very weak and finalises that the loyalty to a brand, which is true and which involves emotional commitment and its rare. This definition of Oliver raises problems and doubts as the casual description of loyalty without any circularity, does not makes it possible to test this causality. Even though while describing loyalty unites various meanings, its definitions must be singular and noticeably associated to measurement. East, Sinclair and Gendall (2000) argue that this is essential, as measures of the singular forms of loyalty could confirm slight correlation. The study of Dunn and Wrigley (1984) showed little correlation amongst few stores used and the share of expenditure given to the primary store. While in the case of store research, East et al. (2000) discovered merely a weak link between retention and share loyalty. This is possibly predicted. Theoretically, share of category and retention are fairly different and there is no stipulation that a customer buying a huge share of a brand must retain that brand for a long time compared to a small-share customer. Weak correlations have too been discovered between the evaluative and behavioural facets of loyalty. East and Hammond (1999) analysed the association between satisfaction and true retention. Their study st ates that most researches about customer loyalty have shown weak relations, in spite of extensive administrative postulation to the contrary. In such conditions it looks like it would be imprudent to generate permutation measures of loyalty that contain both evaluative and behavioural aspects, as the two components seem to have restricted relation. Brand and Customer Loyalty The study of Jacoby and Chestnut (1978) shows the basic difference between behavioural loyalty and cognitive loyalty; therefore clearing the concept of repurchase behaviour is not an adequate requirement of brand loyalty. The early studies of loyalty have focused on two most important phenomena. There has been research on the substantiation of loyalty behaviours for more than a brand, differentiated by changeable levels of complentarity/substitutability and hence the reasons of switching behaviour (Wind, 1977; Jacoby and Chestnut, 1978; Wernerfelt, 1991; Keaveney, 1995). As different studies on loyalty have increased knowledge of its various forms, they fail to examine the progress of loyalty over the time, without any explanation of how and why these various forms of loyalty arise. An active approach, if it is appropriately measured, can give an explanation of the various configurations of customer loyalty in the range of stages of the relationship life cycle (Costabile. M, no date) . (See figure 1. In appendix) Oliver states that this form of customer loyalty is a process of four chronological stages. After passage of time and continuous purchases in the third stage, most concentrated stage of loyalty is attained. According to Crosby and Taylor (1983) model for voter behaviour analysis, Loyalty is now cognitive by becoming a motivating force. The action control concept of Kuhl and Beckmann (1985), most concentrated stage of loyalty is recognized as action loyalty. Therefore it can be said that loyalty that is kept not only on the basis of strong motivation, but results in actions taken to get rid of every obstacle that will interfere while deciding of purchasing a brand to which a person is loyal. Customer buying behaviour and Loyalty Customer satisfaction and relationship marketing fields can be found from the involvement towards understanding customer behaviour and their purchase habits after their first preference of a supplier, brand or a store. Satisfaction and Loyalty Exploring the concept self-esteem, Hoppe (1930) and Lewin (1936) found the basics of the confirmation/disconfirmation model helpful to describe the satisfaction opinion and the association between satisfaction and trust. What is appropriate in this theory is not just about how this satisfaction model behaves, but also the confirmation of close links between satisfaction over trust and time (Bitner, 1995; Costabile 1998). There have been few developments in the study of customer satisfaction recently. This study has examined the emotional aspects of satisfaction and the dynamics of the model over time (Westbrook, 1987; Oliver, 1997; Fournier and Mick, 1999). Marketing researchers are also putting efforts to understand the variables that interfere between the opinion of satisfaction and the preference of repurchase of a brand (Oliver, 1999). Even though satisfaction-trust- loyalty association has not constantly been confirmed therefore obvious high degrees of satisfaction might not result in a behaviour, distinguished by high loyalty, and vice versa (Jacoby and Chetsnut, 1978), due to the several overruling variables during the process of exchanging over the time (Jones and Sasser Jr., 1995; Oliver, 1999). Retention and Loyalty Debates on customer loyalty use the idiom loyalty and retention synonymously. Nevertheless the literature states that there is criticism of organisations that have elected to define customer loyalty as simply customer retention, hence attaining repurchase. Stewart (1996) states that Customer loyalty and customer retention are not synonymous (Stewart, 1996 p.8). In the Relationship Marketing ladder of Customer Loyalty (See figure 2 in appendix) of Christopher, Payne and Ballantyne (1991), they state that the consumer advances up the ladder from regular purchasers (retention), to strong supporters of the firm and ultimately to being active and vocal promoters of the firm referring others to the organisation. As stated by Prus and Brandt (1995) that Loyal customers repeatedly purchase products or services. They recommend a company to others. And they stick with a business over time. Therefore customer loyalty is a more convoluted observable fact that comprises other assets rather than j ust the behavioural theory of repurchasing (Samuelson Sandvik, 1997). Recommendation and Duration of time According to East, Wright, Vanhuele (2008), consumers would value their suppliers when they possibly will find out more about the qualities of the suppliers offering over time and those who do not like their supplier change the supplier, approving consumers stay. Regardless of these effects Smith and Higgins (2000) and Fournier, Dobscha and Mick (1998) mention how a brand may be prominent once it was obtained and gradually do not talk much about it once it becomes common. This happens because the brands are recommended when there is a change, while a comparatively static product does not have an advantage of a second recommendation. In the earlier research of East et al. (2005a) they discovered either no correlation between recommendation and duration of time or a negative correlation. With the proofs from twenty-three researches they learned that the overall relation between recommendation and duration of time was neutral, whereas the individual correlations varied from considerably negative to considerably positive. According to Reichheld (1996), in few of the cases, have mentioned that customers who are with a supplier for a long duration of time, recommend more. On the other hand East et al. (2005a) do not agree with Reichheld. According to them new customers will give more recommendation compared to customers with long duration of time. Attitudinal aspects and Loyalty The evaluation of the study of repurchase and loyalty and satisfaction and loyalty has recommended that loyalty comprises attitudinal aspects. Further, a study that supports the involvement of an individuals attitudes is describing loyalty is presented. Commitment and Trust It is commitment that differentiates between repeat purchase and loyalty as per the debate of Jacoby and Kyner (1973). Hence a person loyal to a product or a service has an attitude, which is strong and full of impact. While considering commitment it would seem to be affective and calculative commitment. The definition of affective commitment is the extent to which a customer likes to maintain their relationship with the organisation (Buchanan, 1974). While the definition of calculative commitment is where the customer is loyal because they have to be rather than that they desire to be (Meyer Allen, 1984). Therefore the calculative committed consumer is not very reliable as he can get an offer that allows him to change suppliers. Samuelson and Sandvik (1997) recommend that whichever or both types of commitment possibly will be used in loyalty study and is reliant upon the reason of the study. For example, to forecast prospect loyal behaviour affective commitment will be very effecti ve. Hart and Johnson (1999) have mentioned that as loyalty is conventionally defined in as per its occurrence, that is referral intent, repurchase intent, share of purchase and actual repurchase. They recommend that for organisations to attain true loyalty then they need to go further than customer delight to total trust. Therefore it would look as if commitment and trust are important aspects when defining loyalty. Marketing implications of customer loyalty The majority of the customer loyalty programs that have presently been implemented by companies appear to be intended at encouraging repeat purchases (Hart et al. 1999). Several companies then, spend a substantial amount in lock in policies so that they could raise the costs of switching in a brand or a supplier (Shapiro and Varian, 1999). It is obvious that the customer loyalty objective must be mainly aimed at the top most and promising customer segments, and it is also evident that not all relationship has to be dealt in an evolutionary viewpoint. Potential value must not be described exclusively considering the profit or income flows to be gained, but more than all when thinking of opportunities in terms of growth that the relationship provides the company are development of business and the trust and knowledge resources (Costabile. M, no date). On the basis of the study of Dowling and Uncle (1997) the following could be the implication for company to employ customer loyalty. For a company to perform loyalty marketing still, it is first essential to identify the loyal consumers. When the customers grow, the use of market research and database marketing in the nonexistence of own knowledge is essential. Companies into direct marketing are endeavoring to come up with loyalty programs, which attach the purchasers of a broad variety of consumer goods and services to a meticulous provider or a brand. In cases of firms that have very less data regarding their customers, a supplementary advantage of customer loyalty programs is that members will repeatedly see themselves during buying or service delivery. Membership cards are a rapid and proficient means for customers to indicate that they are worthy of special attention. Many airlines, and successful companies like General Motors, American Express, Nestle, Holiday Inn, Unilever an d shell have experienced adequate advantages in customer loyalty programs to apply such schemes. For example, in the rebate scheme of General Motors (the GM card), it permits members to collect savings towards the cost of a new GM car, the car and not the collection of a discount is dominant. Another good example is of Australian Fly Buys frequent-buyer program. The members registered for the Fly Buys program can collect points for free air tickets and accommodation in hotel either by using credit card or a membership card. This membership is free of any cost. 1.7 Australians had registered themselves within just one year of the launch. The analysis of customer cost-benefit makes it easier to elucidate why the least desired loyalty program (figure 3 in appendix) fascinated so many, or is it so few members. References Bitner, M. (1995) Building Service Relationship: Its All About Promises, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Fall, 236-245. Buchanan, B. (1974) Building organizational commitment: the socialization of managers in work organization, Adm Sci Q 1974;19:533-46. Christopher, M., Payne, A. and Ballantyne (1991) Relationship marketing: Bringing quality, customer service, and marketing together. Oxford and Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. Costabile, M. (no date), A dynamic model of customer loyalty, journal (not available), publisher (not available). Costabile, M. (1998) Customer Satisfaction and Trust into the Resource-based Perspective. Research Propositions Endorsing the Confirmation/Disconfirmation Paradigm, Market Relationships, Track 1, Proceedings of the European Marketing Academy, 76-97. Crosby, L. and Taylor, J. (1983) Psychological Commitment and Its Effects on Post-Decision Evaluation and Preference Stability Among Voters, Journal of Consumer Research, March, 413-431. Cunningham, M. (1956) Brand Loyalty What, Where, How Much?, Harvard Business Review, 34 (Jan/Feb), 116- 128. Dowling, G. and Uncles, M. (1997) Do Loyalty Programs Really Work?, Sloan Management Review 38 (4), (1997), pp 71-82. Dunn, R. and Wrigley, N. (1984) Store Loyalty for Grocery Products: An Empirical Study, Area, 16 (4), 307-314. East, R., Gendall, P., Hammond, K., and Lomax, W. (2005) Consumer loyalty: singular, additive or interactive, Australasian Marketing Journal, Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 10-26. East, R. and Hammond, K. (1999) Satisfaction and Retention, Paper presented at the ANZMAC Conference,UNSW, Sydney. East, R., Harris, P. and Lomax, W. (2000) First-Store Loyalty and Retention, Journal of MarketingManagement, 16 (4), 307-325. East, R., Julie, S. and Phil, G. (2000) Loyalty: Definition and Explanation, ANZMAC 2000 Visionary Marketing for the 21st Century: Facing the Challenge. East, R; Wright, M. and Vanhuele, M. (2008) Consumer Behaviour: Applications in Marketing, London: Sage. Ennew, C. and Binks, M. (1996) The Impact of Service Quality and Service Characteristics on Customer Retention: Small Businesses and their Banks in the UK, British Journal of Management, 7, 219-230. Fournier, S. and Mick, D. (1999) Rediscovering Satisfaction, Journal of Marketing, October 5-23. Fournier, S., Susan, D. and David, M. (1998) Preventing the Premature Death of Relationship Marketing, Harvard Business Review, January-February, 42-51. Hoppe, E. (1930) Ergfolg und Misserfolg, Psicologische Forschung, vol.XIV, 1-62. Hart, C. and Johnson, M. (1999) Growing the trust relationship, Marketing Management, Spring, pp. 8-19. Hart, S., Smith, A., Sparks, L., Tzokas, N. (1999) Are Loyalty Schemes a Manifestation of Relationship Marketing?, Journal of Marketing Management, vol.15, 541-562. Jacoby, J. and Chestnut, R. (1978) Brand Loyalty Measurement and Management, New York: Wiley. Jacoby, J. and Kyner, D. (1973) Brand Loyalty vs. Repeat Purchasing Behavior, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 10, pp. 1-9. Jones, T. and Sasser, E. (1995) Why Satisfied Customer Defect, Harvard Business Review, November-December, 88-99. Keaveney, S. (1995) Customer Switching Behavior in Service Industries: An Exploratory Study, Journal of Marketing, April, 71-82. Kuhl, J. and Beckmann, J. (1985), Action Control: From Cognition to Behavior, Berlin, Springer-Verlag. Lewin, K. (1936) Principles of Topological Psychology, New York, McGraw Hill. Mark, C; Kate, S. and Ray, K. (1996) Customer defection: a study of the student market in Ireland, International Journal of Bank Marketing, Vol. 14 Iss: 3, pp.23 29. Meyer, J. and Allen, N. (1984) Testing the Side-bet theory of organazatonal commitment: some methodological consideration, Journal of applied psychology, [jap]. 69. Morgan, R. and Hunt, S. (1994) The Commitment-Trust Theory of Relationship Marketing, Journal of Marketing, 58 (July), 20-38. Oliver, R. (1997) Satisfaction. A behavioral Perspective on the Consumer, New York, McGraw Hill. Oliver. R. (1999) Whence Consumer Loyalty?, Journal of Marketing, Special Issue, 33-44. Prus, A. and Brandt, D. (1995) Understanding your Customer, Marketing Tools, 2(5), pp. 10-14. Reichheld, F. (1996a), The Loyalty Effect, Boston, Harvard Business School Publications. Samuelson, B. and Sandvik, K. (1997) In European Marketing Academy Conference, Warwick Business School, Vol. 3, Warwick, U.K., pp. 1122-1140. Shapiro, C. and Varian, H. (1999), Informatiom Rules. A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy Boston, Harvard Business School Press. -Smith, W. and Higgins, M. (2000), Reconsidering the relationship analogy, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 16, pp. 81-94. Wernerfelt, B. (1991) Brand Loyalty and Market Equilibrium, Marketing Science, Summer, 229-245. Westbrook, A. (1987) Product/Consumption-Based Affective Responses and Postpurschase Processes, Journal of Marketing Research, August, 258-270. Wind, Y. (1977) Brand Loyalty and Vulnerability, Consumer and Industrial Buying Behavior, New York North Holland.

The Return Of Martin Guerre Film Studies Essay

The Return Of Martin Guerre Film Studies Essay To begin, film can be a dangerous method if audiences intend is to study history. Films can really persuade audiences to the direction of the perspective of filmmaker; this can be seen optimistically or pessimistically. If one does not have any formal knowledge of characters in the movie, how one visualize the characters are influenced by the interpretation of the filmmaker themselves. Films can manipulate and control the minds of the audiences; producers can make audiences adore, hate, sympathize or be terrified with specific characters in the film. Furthermore, film assigns specific character for an antagonist or a protagonist. Personally thinking, the film made Arnaud du Tilh, the imposter of Martin Guerre, to look as the protagonist of the film. In comparison to the book, Arnaud appeared to have truly fallen in love with Betrande and acted like a good husband and father to her and her son. Unlike Arnaud Martin du Tilh, Pierre Guerre was the character that appeared to be aggressiv e and money-hungry who did not want to inherit any money to his long lost supposed nephew. But in contrast, films allow audiences to empathize with a character from the past. When viewers create strong relationship with a character, viewers enter the film as if it is part of their life; audiences may believe they indeed understand characters action and thoughts. Throughout the film, I came to love, hate, and sympathize Martin Guerre du Tilh. I felt attached to the character and had hopes that he was the true Martin Guerre though I knew he was not. I felt the strongest connection to Arnaud when he confessed that the reason why he pretended to be Martin Guerre was because he fell in love with Betrande at the first sight. When the audiences get to see emotions and body language of a character, it creates stronger connection between the audience and the character. Another key disadvantage of learning history through film is that it adds a lot of inaccurate but entertaining twists to mak e the film more attractive. Unfortunately, some audiences become completely absorbed and believe what is projected without any doubt. Nonetheless, these inaccurate twists bring entertainment and spark to history, luring the audiences attention. While the film allows us to sympathize and connect with historical characters, books allow audiences to interpret characters to audiences perspective. Audiences get to imagine characters rather than being influenced by the visual interpretation the filmmaker projects throughout the story. With film, audiences are trapped with the image that they see in the film; with book, audiences get to imagine visual appearance and personality of a character. In other words, each audience can interpret the storyline and the characters on their perspective. In the book, The Return of Martin Guerre, Arnaud du Tilh appeared to be more as an antagonist rather than a protagonist as interpreted in the film. Since the book focused on broader issue; for example, explaining how Guerre family settled in Artigat and the life of Bertrande, Arnaud du Tilh did not seem as important character as shown in the film. I could only imagine him to be a fraudulent, pretending to be Martin Guerre to take the familys in heritance. Furthermore, unlike the film, where it focuses on Martin du Tilh and Betrande de Rols, the book went beyond and explained the lives of other characters. For instance, Jean de Coras, the Toulouse judge who documented the infamous trial of the Sixteenth Century. Like Davis mentions in the preface of her book, she explains that the film failed to point out some historical record of the case such as the abandonment of the Basque background of the Guerres, and the rising of Protestantism from Catholicism in the rural area. Regarding accuracy, books always reveal the underlying historical truths broader and more accurately than films can ever. Written work explains all the possible details that most films ignore due to its dullness and the time limit. Learning history through written works, in general, seem more reliable and accurate compare to films produced for mass audience. Essentially, the film Le Retour de Martin Guerre is mostly true, except the fictional account of Bertrandes motives at the end of the trial. In the book, Arnaud du Tilh insisted on being the real Martin Guerre till his death. Bertrande, in the end of the film, confesses that Arnauds eyes told her to give up and admit the newly claimed Martin as real Martin Guerre. In addition, Davis, a script consultant of the film, decided to write a more scholarly version of Martin Guerre after producing the film to assure a more historically accurate and detail work is available to public. However, she mentions in the introduction that she tried to look beyond the historical facts to unravel and understand the motivation behind the characters pursuit. This might input Daviss opinion on possibilities and ideas that Betrande knew that the new Martin Guerre was not her husband and secretively agreed to help him become Martin Guerre. But essentially, this is only a theoretical guess and no one really knows if Betrande actually knew Arnaud du Tilh was her husband or not. Personally I prefer the film over the book. The book was dull and uninteresting than the film. The film made me think the storyline is actually entertaining. The suspense created in the film really made me wonder if the man that claimed to be Martin Guerre, was indeed himself though I knew he was a fraudulent prior to watching the film. The film made the whole historical phenomenon to look real -the atmosphere, buildings, and even the lives of townsmen of Pyrenean village of Artigat seemed real. These really helped me to connect with the characters and the plot. Furthermore, media sources in general are a great way to introduce learners to historical events. Though there can be certain historical flaws, it still gives audiences a general storyline and visual interpretation of how life looked in certain periods. For example, the film, Le Retour de Martin Guerre, really presented the peasant life in the Sixteenth Century in France, while exhibiting the case of Martin Guerre. A person can say that the movie is lacking historical detail; however, the meaning, lesson, and the essence of the storyline were presented in the movie. It is my opinion, the film could be rather boring and long if all the historical details were added. Unlike the book, audiences get to see and learn the life of the peasants. Although both reading the book and viewing the film helped me enhanced my understanding of the historical event, I would choose to show the film if I had to teach history to students. Reading a historical book may not be as thrilling as watching a film and students might not get enough messages from the book as they are supposed to. But prior to or after viewing the film, I would teach the students some foundation and historical flaws which would help them learn the knowledge of the historical event and characters. In The Return of Martin Guerre, Davis went beyond the historical facts and tried to comprehend the possibilities behind the characters actions and pursuits. Both the film and the print amazingly delivered the historical information of the infamous case of Martin Guerre, a man who lived three years of another mans life by cheating the village of Artigat. Unlike many other historical films, Le Retour de Martin Guerre remained mostly true to the historical facts and told the audiences a fiction-like real story in the Sixteenth Century. Both mediums did excellent job informing historical occurrence to different types of learners. The book allowed us to learn broader and deeper into the roots of the content and taught audiences more in-depth view of each characters. However, my opinion is that the film did even better job at communicating the message of the content to audiences in such a short time limit.

Essay --

In my opinion I ranked the seven social sciences according to what I believed it was important and has the most influence on the people in a modern society. My first ranked for the seven social sciences is Psychology then Sociology, Political science, History, Economics, Anthropology and last Geography. Geography is the study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is affected by it, including the distribution of populations and resources, land use, and industries. Environmental influences, such as cost, changing weather, climate patterns, their potential impacts, and the threat of spreading diseases, are of increasing concern. Geography allows us to participate and enjoy our planet. It gives us a sense of reference to where we live and where we may be going in relationship to where we have been, and the appreciation of the world we live in. Anthropology is the study of human kind and culture, everybody wants to know where and how humans came to be. Our daily lives such as family, friends, co-workers and the under...

Barnabas :: essays research papers

Barnabas I. Who was Barnabas? II. Where is he first mentioned in the Bible? III. Barnabas' introduction of Saul to the apostles IV. His mission work with Paul V. His departure from Paul VI. Barnabas as a writer VII. His Death Barnabas was a native of the island of Cyprus. His birthplace makes him a Jew of the Diaspora, the dispersion of Jews outside Palestine or modern Israel. He was originally named Joseph but the apostles called him Barnabas, he probably acquired this name because of his ability as a preacher. The name Barnabas was understood by Luke to mean "Son of Encouragement" (Acts 4:36). Barnabas was an apostle of the secondary group, companion of Paul on his mission to Cyprus and the Pisidian mainland. Barnabas first appears in Luke's account of communal living in the Jerusalem church, as a man of some means who gave to the church the proceeds from the sale of a piece land, "Barnabas sold a field he owned and brought the money and put it at the apostles' feet" (Acts 4:36-37). After the stoning of Stephen in Acts 7:54-8:1, the church was persecuted and scattered, "On that day a great persecution broke out against the church at Jerusalem, and all except the apostles were scattered throughout Judea and Samaria. Godly men buried Stephen and mourned deeply for him. But Saul began to destroy the church. Going from house to house, he dragged off men and women and put them in prison" Acts 8:1-3. In Acts 9:26-27, "Saul tries to join the disciples, but they were all afraid of him, not believing that he really was a disciple. But Barnabas took him and brought him to the apostles. He told them how Saul on his journey had seen the Lord and that the Lord had spoken to him, and how in Damascus he had preached fearlessly in the name of Jesus." Barnabas thus belongs to the company of first converts in Jerusalem who were won by the apostolic preaching, if not by Jesus himself. Though not a native, Barnabas had the confidence of the apostles. Later he was sent to join the company of workers at Antioch, to preach to Jews, Hellenists, and Greeks (Acts 11:19-22). As the work of the Antioch church expanded and more workers were needed, Barnabas went over to Tarsus and brought back with him Saul. It seems that Barnabas was the leader of the Antioch church, and the order which Luke gives, "Barnabas and Saul," indicates the pre-eminence. It was "Barnabas and Saul" who carried relief funds from Antioch to the famine- stricken Jerusalem (Acts 11:30).

Puerto Ricans Immigrating to America Essay -- Puerto Rican History Cul

Puerto Ricans Immigrating to America The migration of Puerto Ricans to the United States occurred in two major waves. The first wave was in the 1910s-1940s and the second wave was from the 1960s to the 1990s. Each wave of migrants brought new generations of Puerto Ricans to the United States. Both waves of migrants believed that they were going to live a better life in America and migrated to major cities such as New York City, Chicago, Hartford, etc. The early migrants looked for industrial jobs such as in cigar factories while the later migrants found agricultural work such as in tobacco fields. The communities in which they lived grew larger and larger due to chain migration and because of this, the need for politics evolved. However, the type of politics that evolved as a result were different for each wave, yet had many similarities as well. If you would like to learn a little more about Puerto Rican migration itself, read Jamie Hellman's paper and Shakira Ramos' which goes into more depth. Class politics was the major form of politics that evolved during the early half of the twentieth century. According to Bernardo Vega, the tabaqueros were the only organized group in existence. They formed many clubs whose membership was not limited to Puerto Ricans only. Although the clubs consisted mainly of Cuban and Puerto Ricans, other people of different ethnic origins were members. One reason for this can be that the main leaders were exiles who had radical views and wanted change quick. Their concern was of homeland issues and they fought for independence from Spain. Concentrating on home issues, they paid no attention to their hostland (meaning America) issues because they lived with the belief that they were... ...from The Commuter Nation: Perspectives on Puerto Rican Migration," ed. By Carlos Antonio Torre, Hugo Rodriguez Vecchini, and William Burgos. (Rio Piedras, PR: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1994), 313-328 2. James Dietz, Migration and International Corporations: The Puerto Rican Model of Development," ed. By Carlos Antonio Torre, Hugo Rodriguez Vecchini, and william Burgos. (Rio Piedras, PR: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1994), 153-170 3. Tom Seidl, Janet Shenk, and Adrian DeWind, "The San Juan Shuttle: Puerto Ricans on Contract," from The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture, and Society, ed. by Adalberto Lopez. 2d. Ed. (New York: Shenkman, 1980), 417-431 . Video: "Pa’lante, Siempre Pa'lante!" [The Story of the Young Lords Party], Written and Directed by Iris Morales.

Books and the Internet Essay

The book industry has always been an integral part of society. However, recent surges in technology, especially the internet, have put this industry under pressure and have transformed it into a broader, more competitive entity. In the past, the book store was the only pace to buy and sell books but these buildings could be soon be obsolete with the introduction of online shopping for books and the more impressive and rapidly growing industry of e-books, as seen by the accompanying chart1. Figures from 2012 show that giant online bookstore Amazon, is now selling 1.4 e-books for every print book sold and this trend is showing no signs of slowing down2. These steps in technology give both readers and authors great opportunities. The introduction of online shopping and e-books have given consumers food for thought in regards to what way they go about buying a book. The somewhat â€Å"old-fashioned† way in some regards of visiting the nearby bookstore is nearly a thing of the past with the introduction of online shopping. The now giant online superstore Amazon.com was the first online bookstore back in 1994, created by Jeffrey Bezos3. It gave book readers the benefit of being able to buy books from home as well offering lower prices. Publishers don’t need to fill shelves with books, once a book is ordered it is produced and shipped to the customer4. The unneeded stock pile of books results in lower costs for the publisher and thus lower costs for the online buyer. These two options result in the customer buying a paper book. The third option differs from this and really brings technology to the fore. E-books are rapidly growing and are taking the book industry over by storm. E-books can be bought over the internet and downloaded to various devices (e-readers) such as Amazon’s Kindle and Apple’s iPad. They offer many advantages over paper books to readers5. Compared to some paper books which are big, heavy, cumbersome objects to be carrying around, hundreds of e-books can be stored on an e-reader. In terms of costs, e-books offer the cheaper option than paper books as no trees or ink have to be used in the sale of e-books. E-books also offer the benefit of privacy in regards to others knowing what book you are reading as well as offering certain tools such as a dictionary, built in lights, access to the internet etc. Special add-ons can also be included as part of an e-book such as additional pictures or content6. The introduction of e-books could possibly have a greater effect for authors than readers. Their introduction has expanded the book world, allowing the smaller authors to be seen as well as letting smaller business compete4. A similar technological progression in the music and movie industry resulted in some parts of the industry being destroyed as CDs replaced VCRs and cassettes, thus rendering the latter obsolete4. As previously mentioned, e-books require lower cost to be produced and do not require shelf space to be seen. This means that even small time authors can get their books produce without too much difficulty as publishing such e-books bears little costs to the publisher7. The lower cost also results in higher margins for the publisher as well as the author. On the other side of the coin, since e-books are downloaded digitally, once a customer buys one, they can easily send it onto another customer8. This piracy results in losses for both the publisher and author. The chart shows the increase in piracy and file-sharing since mid-2008 with the use of such file-sharing websites as Rapidshare. com, 4shared. com and Megaupload. net9. In conclusion, the progression of technology and the internet has changed the book industry drastically. Gone are the days where one had to make the journey to the bookshop in order to read the newly released classic. Online shopping has cut out that journey with the click of the button while e-books have cut out the physical book altogether. In my opinion, the future book industry will be taken over by e-books with paper books being left to be a thing of the past. References 1 Terra, Evo. (2012) ‘2008 – 2011 Book Sales Chart’, 2nd March 2012. Available at: https://plus. google.com/109993735355691141353/posts/fr3e3N171nr (Accessed 2nd December 2012) 2 BBC News (2012) ‘Amazon selling more Kindle eBooks than print books’, 6th August 2012. Available at: http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/technology-19148146 (Accessed 2nd December 2012) 3 Byers, A. (2007) ‘Jeff Bezos: The Founder of Amazon. com. ’. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. 4 Kagan, J. (2012) ‘How the E-Book Is Reinventing the Book Business, E-Commerce Times’, 2nd September. Available from: http://www. ecommercetimes. com/story/74383. html (Accessed 2nd December 2012) 5 Hess, S.(2012) ‘E-Books or Real Books: What Book Lovers Think – The benefits and drawbacks of e-books’, 31st January. Available at: http://www. webpronews. com/e-books-or-real-books-what-book-lovers-think-2012-01 (Accessed 2nd December 2012) 6 Willans, J. (2012) ‘The 5 most exciting ways tech has revolutionized the book industry’, 30th April. Available at: http://conversations. nokia. com/2012/04/30/the-5-most-exciting-ways-tech-has-revolutionized-the-book-industry/ (Accessed 2nd December 2012) 7 Bosman, J (2008) ‘Small Book Publishers Offered New Technology’ , 3rd September. Available at: http://www. nytimes. com/2008/09/04/books/04perseus. html? _r=0 (Accessed 2nd December 2012) 8 Messieh, N (2011) ‘Does e-book piracy really matter? ’ , 24th June. Available at: http://thenextweb. com/media/2011/06/24/does-e-book-piracy-really-matter/ (Accessed 2nd December 2012) 9 unknown (2010) ‘The Rise in eBook Piracy’, October. Available at: http://www. attributor. com/data/php/research/234-the-rise-in-ebook-piracy. php (Accessed 2nd December 2012)

Examine how Miller creates dramatic tension Essay

Examine how milling machine creates break throughstanding tensity in the colour skirt vista of The crucible and con spotr how an auditory sense king re acquit Arthur Millers land, The Crucible, is set in Massachusetts in 1692, where mass hysteria led to the capital of Oregon witchcraft trials. The same kind of billet occurred in the1950s resulting in the Anti-Communist frenzy of that assent discernn as McCarthyism. In my essay I intend to examine how Miller creates tension in the Yellow hushing fit by using dramatic effects to engage the reference in the play and keep them engrossed, involved and on the edge of their seats.At the beginning of morsel three, the mood is set by the stagecoach directions and descriptions. It says, the agency is empty but for cheerfulness pouring in through 2 high windows in the black w on the whole. It gives the touch sensation of solemnity and depression, and also occupys the small room regainm claustrophobic so the girls nomi nate nowhere to escape. This reflects the stifling society and the circumstance that the girls have got themselves into. The blastoff starts after Elizabeth has erect lied to the courtyard in install to protect her husband, which is a quiet scene.When the court starts accusing the watch overs, Hale stands up and shifts the break up on to Abigail, as he is the just now person except for John proctor who can see what is going on, apart from the consultation who would now start to conk out a little discomfited. Abigail then creates a diversion by screaming and looking for up towards the rafters. The stage directions say, with a weird, wild, chill cry, screams up to the ceiling. She knows that she is in danger of the fair play being exposed and tries to divert the heed from herself. E genuinelyone is now staring at Abigail, the char conducters and reference not knowing what is going on.Gradually, the early(a) girls join in as they visit what Abigail is doing and they put on a very convincing act to Danforth and the audience, which is very frustrating, as we know that she is guilty and now exhausting to come out away with it. A color bird is mentioned and the girls pretend that they can see it on the beams and behind the rafters, while varan shouts that there is no yellow bird. Abigail starts to tattle to the bird, to ask why it has come, to keep up the pretence of the dramatic positioning. bloody shames name is mentioned, Abigail pretending that bloody shame is possessing the yellow bird as the dress down and she screams, My subject?My face to the ceiling, making it seem that she is the victim. bloody shame immediately springs to her feet and protests in shock, pleading Abigail to curb with the deception and to tell the truth. Abigail says that she cannot stop because it is paragons work that she does and this creates nevertheless much(prenominal) than frustration and hatred towards Abigail from the audience because we know that bloody shame is innocent and Abigail is such a convincing liar. The former(a) girls pick on the a trance and Mary gets more and more agitated as she cannot have herself against the large cluster of girls in hysteria.They act resembling bullies, ganging up on her because she is lightheaded and the tension builds up, as Mary gets more and more distressed. The girls start mimicking Mary, which is a characteristic playground-bullying device, which is guaranteed to undermine her. Abigail targeted her as she chose to confess and she go forth do anything to get her way, as she is scargon that Mary would utter the truth. They then approach further to imitating Marys actions stamping feet and thrill fists, strengthening the tension, and maddening the audience even more with aggravation.When the other girls copy Mary Warrens actions, there is a lot of movement involved, which intensifies the frustration that the audience are feeling and the girls cannot go cover song on their deci sion to follow Abigail as they are all trapped in their own deceit. The audience are fainthearted whether Mary will give in or not as she is so weak and we already know how manipulating Abigail is. Mary protests and eventually weakens and starts whimpering like a maimed animal as she is overwhelmed by the conviction that she was being possessed by the devil in the form of the yellow bird Abigail conjured up.Danforth bullies Mary into articulateing, Speak Will you speak and Proctor and Hale try to reveal the truth as the voice of sense. The consentaneous scene climaxes with Mary out screaming all the other girls in processed desperation of them imitating her. This makes all the girls stop in astonishment creating a silence, which contrasts the noisiness with the quietness. Mary goes over to Abigail, who gives a look of triumph, as she finally succeeds in what she set out to do, by manipulating the situation to her advantage.Proctor loses his offense as Mary sides with the othe r girls in order to get herself out of the unreassuring situation and she claims John Proctor is the Devils man. The audience are in dismay, as we know that Proctor is one of the sole(prenominal) decent men and that he is in fact innocent. The scene ends with Proctor losing his bodily fluid and chaos starts as Hale tries to make Danforth see sense that Proctor is innocuous and Abigail is the malicious one. Hale leaves the court and the scene ends with Danforth shouting to him to come back, leaving a cliffhanger into Act 4.Danforth became hysterical towards the end as a result of the chaos occurring. The move action through the scene keeps the audience on the edges of their seats and feeling like they are part of the play, which keeps them interested and involved, because they are feeling the emotion and distress as Proctor and Hale are so they feel as though they are going through the dramatic situation with them. The vast amount of action keeps the scene moving and there is a lways something mi no-accountventure as when ever the situation is diverted, Abigail go in and takes the Yellow bird to some other level.The short, sharp sentences during the scene also pass on largely to the tension building up and everyone is cutting over each others sentences, which creates the idea of more chaotic occurrence. The banish words that are use by Abigail and against her create a negative atmosphere, for example. I cannot stop She sees nothing, mustnt, never, dont dont. Also John Proctor makes references to biblical allusions to stick with religion on the good side to help him get people to believe his innocence, God damns all liars, and Angel Raphael even though he is the one person least in all likelihood to be involved in coordinate religion.Watching this scene made me frustrated and agitated as the situation becomes so out of hand as Abigail puts on such a brilliant act to ensure that the attention is not on Proctor and Hale who are toilsome to reveal th at she was behind all the accusations compensate from the beginning. This is also how I feel an audience would react as I reacted in that way every time Abigail took the situation to another level and manipulating everyone until she reaches her target of get Mary Warren on her side and against John Proctor. I really enjoyed the play even though it was a sad ending.