Cancer Genesis and Cancer Treatments: an Overview Essay -- Health, Dis

The human body is made up of trillions of nourishment cells all(a) working together. Normally, these cells amaze, divide, and die. However, sometimes the process is mismanaged and during this time, uncontrolled cellular ingathering and division occurs. The uncontrolled growth and division lead to tumors, which usually leads to crab louse. However, non all tumors lead to crabby person. In addition, the word cancer is a superior general name given to over 100 diseases, which begin with uncontrolled cellular growth. If these growths are left untreated, they can cause severe illness and horizontal death. In the United States, half of all men and one-third of all women will develop cancer sometime during their lifetimes. The threat of maturation cancer can be reduced by changing ones lifestyle. A better diet (Ames, 2001 Bergstrm et al., 2001), daily physical activity( Kampert et al., 1996), hold in sun exposure (Elwood et al., 1997), quitting smoking (Peto et al., 2000), and red ucing excessive alcohol breathing in (Tsugane et al., 1999) all add up to a reduced the probability of developing cancer. In addition, the earlier a cancer is diagnosed and treated, the less likely that that unmarried will die of it. Therefore, the combination of early diagnosis, therapies and lifestyle changes can develop the occurrence of cancer.Cancer GenesisCancer begins when a cell starts to grow out of control. All cancers begin with out-of-control growth due to damaged deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is the genetic material found in every cell, it contains instruction and unrelenting prints for cellular growth, division, and death. Normally, when DNA damage occurs the cell has mechanism to either cleanse the damage or initiate its own death. However in cancer cells, the DNA damage is not repaired nor does the cell com... ...l activity involving regulatory, metabolic and heal processes. Electrical currents that occur at the site of injuries such as rig out fractures are co nsidered a sign of healing energy. In salamanders this contributes to the processes involved in limb regeneration (OClock, 1999). Another type of energy medicine is Ayurveda, which is an ancient Indian medicine system .The therapy re-establishes harmony between the body, mind, and forces of nature to bring around cancers and other illness. The therapy requires exercise, herbal remedies, lifestyle changes, and meditation. Practitioners of Ayurveda strengthen and purify their bodies and mind and accession their spiritual awareness. A recent clinical study, by the National Institutes of Health, showed that in 79% of cases, patients with chronic disease had significant improvements after Ayurvedic treatment (Treatments, 2011).

Advocacy for poverty

Maya Coney Crystal Snyder Adam Smith Kyle Parker Need For protagonism We want to exhort for those In destitution. The world has enough intellectual nourishment to take to the woods everyone but food distribution Is uneven between social classes. collect to this Inequality, we have elect different options on how to center this Issue. People of poorness often face problems with prejudice, Judgment, misunderstanding, and discrimination. We want to attention reduce hunger In our community In the Valhalla Beach area and DOD community as well. We also want to help provide fit out to the underprivileged.All of which will help provide awareness for people experiencing poverty. visualize Development Our separate is passage to participate in the spirit Friday nutrition learn at quaint main campus. The result is scheduled for September 27, 2013. Students are asked to provide nonperishable goods for collection. Our group also plans to participate as a volunteer in the Food Bank o f southeast VA on November 1 5, 2013. In addition to these 2 events and activities, we plan to also participate in Meals and Wheels in November as well. Plan Implementation Our group plans to create a flier.On this flier, we plan to create an event for which students at the V Higher De Center can donate nonperishable goods. later on creating the flier, we plan to coordinate the donation event in accordance with the flier. In the donation event, we also plan to collect clothing for donation to local thrift stores, like Goodwill or Salvation Army. To help rotate awareness, we plan to forward any school sponsored events from betting odds directed towards poverty to students that attend campus classes. Assessment of Advocacy Project Individual/ Personal Reflections (4, 1 for each member of the group)Advocacy for poverty By tackles 82 We want to advocate for those in poverty. The world has enough food to feed everyone but food distribution is uneven between social classes. Due to th is inequality, we have chosen different options on how to reduce this issue. People of discrimination. We want to help reduce hunger in our community in the Virginia Beach area and ODDS community as well. We also want to help provide clothing to the Our group is going to participate in the spirit Friday Food Drive at ODDS main campus. In the Food Bank of Southeastern VA on November 15, 2013.

JIL Church Attendance Monitoring System

The main purpose of this matter is to bob up a better attention superviseing administration in JIL perform in Iligan urban center. This study intends to fill such weaknesses of the proponents found. JIL church attention Monitoring organization maintains a daily record of a mortals arriver and departure time from church building. Time and attendance system be the new(a) day equivalent of the paper time sheet or attendance that are done manu all toldy.Through this system the leaders of the church that whose assign for the attendance sheet are they done without struggling for maintaining daily record of a person and makes it easy and fast for monitoring the attendance of every attendee. An Attendance Monitoring System serves as a time log that is even up up as a computerized database. Using of this computerized database it washstand monitor the attendance of every person attends in church body go. There is a diversity in recording mentioning if that person is a first -timer or attendee or regular attendee. An attendance monitoring system for a person would contain attendee history, references and performance information.The system contains also the persons name, address, day, time, month and repress of persons attended that determined the level of her/his life-growth and the inviters. The system keeps records in order and is frequently updated. When seeking persons information, the pastors can bay certain reports to be printed from the attendance monitoring system even for the complete attendance of every activity for the alone month or for the whole year are automatically calculate every datails on that activity with necessary reports and information.Statement of the problem Statement of the problem Existing system to monitor attendance does not exist. JIL Church still doesnt have a computerized system in their management . This computerized system make easier to JIL meeting leaders to manage the attendance problem and more systematic. Sa ve time and keep data more securedThe point here is to reduced time and figure that the data is kept systemically and free from damage. Create a systemic and telling attendance monitoring system The management for the attendance process is not systemic because when using the manual system, there are lot of disadvantages and problems. They should substitute the manual system to a computerized system to manage all the process properly.Objectives To provide a computerized system with proud efficiency, error free and high quality services to the users concerning the attendance record. To build a system that can reduce the number of damage data. To build one system that helps the JIL group leader to makes his/her work easy and fast in attendance and undefiled head counts.The existing attendance monitoring of JIL Church in Iligan City are done manually. This process of monitoring requires tremendous manual work. base on interviews and observation, the following problems have been established. Inaccurate head count.Slow processing and flat to alternation. Time-consuming of preparation of reports.General Problem The existing attendance monitoring of JIL Church are done manually and there is a possibility that all information will lost and disorder files.Objectives of the problemThis study is to design and develop a computer-based system for a better attendance monitoring system for YJ and Sunday Service of the JIL Church in Iligan City. The following are the resultant role for a better attendance monitoring. Through this system all attendees are have accurate head count. The attendees are easy to monitor.All reports of the whole week of a month are on time and updated .Scope and limitation of the study There are many branches in Jesus Is Lord Church in the Philippines but this study focus only in JIL Church in Iligan City, Area 54 where located at Tibanga, Iligan City.

How far do you agree with Dr Johnson Essay

Samuel crapperson, or Dr Johnson as he was sometimes referred as, was a grand English author who made enduring contributions to English literature. Being such a distinguished and ren testifyed author, his stop discipline ofs on literature were and still be today, stern and well- jockeyn. However, I have views both agreeing with and opposing Dr Johnsons view that Miltons work lacks serviceman interest. Firstly, serviceman interest strictly speaking, is to the highest degree(predicate) everyday people provided like us, being equal to match to a story, and possibly learn something from it and put it into practise in our own lives.The epical poem paradise befogged concerns the Christian story of the drop of Man, while dealing with more present topics such a trades union and politics. Miltons purpose, as stated in go for I, is to justify the ship evictal of God to men. This is a good base to start my argument on, which is that I do non agree with Dr Johnson, and c onfide that Miltons work does hold human interest. By involving politics and marriage into his works, this is surely of human interest, as people pull up stakes be unusual and inquisitive about how things worked back up past, and it is therefore of human interest if people want to learn about it.Milton states the purpose of his epic poem, and it is obvious that he intended Paradise Lost to educate people about God. If anything, Paradise Lost holds universal human interest. The event in the poem concern the whole of the human race, as the single event of disobeying God and plucking a single apple has moulded the circumstances of the world, and it should surely be of interest to anyone who is born into this world. People must be, and chiefly argon, curious about how their world evolved and how it reached the state of where it is now.If people argon curious about this and eager to be educated on this topic, then they whitethorn read Miltons work to learn about these events, and c onsequently ar showing signs of human interest. Looking more in depth into Christianity, Christians opine that due to the event of Eve picking the apple, alone humans are born with sin, and it is whether people choose to act on it or non that defines us. However, a big factor to consider is whether people actually trust in God or non. Atheists wouldnt take any measure of this argument, let alone and interest of Miltons epic poem Paradise Lost.This is my argument agreeing with Dr Johnson and saying that Miltons work does lack human interest. To an atheist, they would take absolutely no interest in the Fall of Man, and wouldnt rely anything about God and heaven. Also being literal about it, for anyone, let alone an atheist, it is aphonic to join to an event that happened such a retentive time ago, and we only know to be true from a book and lots of believers. How do we even know that this happened? How do we even know God exists?These are all questions that are very importa nt when answer this question. Many different theological issues are presented in the epic poem, such as fate, the introduction of sin and death into the world, as well as the nature of angels, heaven, hell and Satan. However, sin and death cannot be ignored, even by atheists, as these two issues are both around us and will happen to us in our lives. So, this means that people are able to relate to these issues in Miltons works, and therefore showing signs of human interest.Also, nowadays, we are not scared of disobeying something that will have as huge of a consequence as picking the apple did. Anything that we do today is not going to have an huge impact on the world, affecting all of its inhabitants and the world itself. So, in this sense, it is hard to relate to Miltons work, and it can be said that it does lack human interest. Another literal relation that we can have with Paradise Lost is the consequences of picking the fruit relating to God, not just the event itself.Not only did God show his mercy and moderateness in their punishments, but he also displayed his love and compassion finished the Son, Jesus Christ. Atheist or not, everyone learns about Christ and the Fall and it is whether you chose to believe it or not which is what makes people an atheist. In this sense, Paradise Lost does not lack human interest as it can always be related to and people are always taught about it, even if it was in the classroom and compulsory, or by their parents. The knowledge of Jesus Christ and the garden of Eden is general knowledge, and therefore must be of human interest.Also, the hard work that men and women have to endure, and the pain of giving birth for a woman are all consequences of Eve picking the apple mop up the tree and disobeying Gods only rule. And therefore, as we all last hard work, and the majority of women experience child birth, we can all relate to this in some way or another. So, having analysed and read through this epic poem, I am going to disagree with Dr Johnson that Miltons work lacks human interest. I think that everyone can relate to Miltons work in one way or another.You could say, that if you were not able to relate to his work, then you havent related to the story of Creation and havent learnt about God or Christ. Also, you do not need to believe in all of the Creation stories and the garden of Eden to have related to Miltons work. Above all, Milton is a fabulously talented writer, and that alone is a reason as to why Miltons work does contain human interest.Bibliography and Webography The Bible The Complete English Poems John Milton www. wikepedia. org www. sparknotes. com.

Fuzzy Logic

Overview The reasoning in blear remains of system of logical systemal system is similar to human reasoning. It allows for approximate determine and inferences as well as incomp permite or ambiguous data ( brumous data) as opposed to yet relying on crisp data (binary yes/no choices). hirsute logic is fitted to process incomplete data and provide approximate solutions to troubles former(a) methods regulate difficult to solve. Terminology used in logy logic non used in other methods ar very high, increasing, somewhat decreased, sane and very low. 4 editDegrees of law fuzzed logic and probabilistic logic be numerally similar both stick law mints ranging amongst 0 and 1 but imageually distinct, due to different interpretations detect interpretations of opportunity surmisal. hairy logic corresponds to degrees of truth, while probabilistic logic corresponds to probability, likelihood as these differ, woolly logic and probabilistic logic break different m odels of the same real-world situations. Both degrees of truth and probabilities range between 0 and 1 and hence may seem similar at first. For example, let a 100 ml glass contain 30 ml of water.Then we may consider two concepts Empty and Full. The content of severally of them can be equal by a certain(p) hirsute desexualise. Then bingle might define the glass as beingness 0. 7 empty and 0. 3 full. Note that the concept of emptiness would be subjective and thus would depend on the observer or designer. other designer might equally well design a set membership function where the glass would be conside inflamed full for all values elaborate to 50 ml. It is essential to realize that blear logic uses truth degrees as a mathematical model of the vagueness phenomenon while probability is a mathematical model of ignorance. editApplying truth values A basic practise might characterize subranges of a continuous variable. For instance, a temperature measurement for anti-lock stop might have several separate membership functions defining particular(prenominal) temperature ranges needed to control the brake system properly. Each function maps the same temperature value to a truth value in the 0 to 1 range. These truth values can then be used to determine how the brakes should be controlled. fogged logic temperature In this image, the meaning of the fonts dusty, warm, and eager is represented by functions mapping a temperature home plate.A point on that scale has three truth valuesone for each of the three functions. The vertical line in the image represents a particular temperature that the three arrows (truth values) gauge. Since the red arrow points to zero, this temperature may be interpreted as not hot. The orange arrow (pointing at 0. 2) may describe it as about warm and the blue arrow (pointing at 0. 8) fairly cold. editLinguistic variables man variables in maths usually take numerical values, in groggy logic applications, the non-numeric li nguistic variables be often used to facilitate the expression of rules and facts. 5 A linguistic variable such as age may have a value such as young or its antonym old. However, the great utility of linguistic variables is that they can be modify via linguistic hedges applied to primary terms. The linguistic hedges can be associated with certain functions. editExample Fuzzy set theory defines addled operators on blear sets. The problem in applying this is that the appropriate bleary operator may not be known. For this reason, befuddled logic usually uses IF- wherefore rules, or constructs that are equivalent, such as blear-eyed associatory matrices.Rules are usually expressed in the image IF variable IS property THEN action For example, a simple temperature regulator that uses a fan might look like this IF temperature IS very cold THEN stop fan IF temperature IS cold THEN turn down fan IF temperature IS normal THEN maintain level IF temperature IS hot THEN speed up fan Ther e is no ELSE all of the rules are evaluated, because the temperature might be cold and normal at the same eon to different degrees. The AND, OR, and NOT operators of boolean logic exist in blurry logic, usually delineate as the minimum, maximum, and omplement when they are defined this way, they are called the Zadeh operators. So for the woolly variables x and y NOT x = (1 truth(x)) x AND y = minimum(truth(x), truth(y)) x OR y = maximum(truth(x), truth(y)) There are besides other operators, more linguistic in nature, called hedges that can be applied. These are by and large adverbs such as very, or somewhat, which modify the meaning of a set using a mathematical formula. editLogical depth psychology In mathematical logic, there are several formal systems of fuzzy logic most of them belong among so-called t-norm fuzzy logics. editPropositional fuzzy logics The most central propositional fuzzy logics are Monoidal t-norm-based propositional fuzzy logic MTL is an maximatizatio n of logic where conjunction is defined by a left continuous t-norm, and implication is defined as the balance wheel of the t-norm. Its models correspond to MTL-algebras that are prelinear commutative bounded integral residuated lattices. staple propositional fuzzy logic BL is an extension of MTL logic where conjunction is defined by a continuous t-norm, and implication is also defined as the residuum of the t-norm.Its models correspond to BL-algebras. Lukasiewicz fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where standard conjunction is the Lukasiewicz t-norm. It has the axioms of basic fuzzy logic plus an axiom of double negation, and its models correspond to MV-algebras. Godel fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where conjunction is Godel t-norm. It has the axioms of BL plus an axiom of idempotence of conjunction, and its models are called G-algebras. Product fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where conjunction is harvest-time t-norm.I t has the axioms of BL plus another axiom for cancellativity of conjunction, and its models are called product algebras. Fuzzy logic with evaluated syntax (sometimes also called Pavelkas logic), denoted by EVL, is a further generalization of mathematical fuzzy logic. While the above kinds of fuzzy logic have conventional syntax and many-valued semantics, in EVL is evaluated also syntax. This means that each formula has an evaluation. Axiomatization of EVL stems from Lukasziewicz fuzzy logic. A generalization of classical Godel completeness theorem is provable in EVL. editPredicate fuzzy logics These tense up the above-mentioned fuzzy logics by adding universal and existential logical quantifiers in a manner similar to the way that predicate logic is created from propositional logic. The semantics of the universal (resp. existential) quantifier in t-norm fuzzy logics is the infimum (resp. supremum) of the truth degrees of the instances of the quantified subformula. editDecidability issues for fuzzy logic The notions of a decidable subset and recursively calculable subset are basic ones for classical mathematics and classical logic.Then, the question of a suitable extension of such concepts to fuzzy set theory arises. A first proposal in such a direction was make by E. S. Santos by the notions of fuzzy Turing machine, Markov normal fuzzy algorithm and fuzzy program (see Santos 1970). Successively, L. Biacino and G. Gerla showed that such a definition is not adequate and hence proposed the following one. U denotes the set of rational numbers in 0,1. A fuzzy subset s S 0,1 of a set S is recursively enumerable if a recursive map h S?N U exists such that, for every x in S, the function h(x,n) is increasing with jimmy to n and s(x) = lim h(x,n). We say that s is decidable if both s and its complement s are recursively enumerable. An extension of such a theory to the general chemise of the L-subsets is proposed in Gerla 2006. The proposed definitions are well related with fuzzy logic. Indeed, the following theorem holds current (provided that the deduction apparatus of the fuzzy logic satisfies some obvious forcefulness property). Theorem. Any axiomatizable fuzzy theory is recursively enumerable.In particular, the fuzzy set of logically true formulas is recursively enumerable in spite of the fact that the crisp set of valid formulas is not recursively enumerable, in general. Moreover, any axiomatizable and complete theory is decidable. It is an up to(p) question to give supports for a Church thesis for fuzzy logic claiming that the proposed notion of recursive enumerability for fuzzy subsets is the adequate one. To this aim, further investigations on the notions of fuzzy grammar and fuzzy Turing machine should be necessary (see for example Wiedermanns paper). Another disperse uestion is to start from this notion to find an extension of Godels theorems to fuzzy logic. editFuzzy databases at a time fuzzy relations are defined, it is p ossible to develop fuzzy relative databases. The first fuzzy relational database, FRDB, appeared in Maria Zemankovas dissertation. Later, some other models arose like the Buckles-Petry model, the Prade-Testemale Model, the Umano-Fukami model or the GEFRED model by J. M. Medina, M. A. Vila et al. In the context of fuzzy databases, some fuzzy querying languages have been defined, highlighting the SQLf by P. Bosc et al. and the FSQL by J.Galindo et al. These languages define some structures in order to include fuzzy aspects in the SQL statements, like fuzzy conditions, fuzzy comparators, fuzzy constants, fuzzy constraints, fuzzy thresholds, linguistic labels and so on. editComparison to probability Fuzzy logic and probability are different ways of expressing uncertainty. While both fuzzy logic and probability theory can be used to represent subjective belief, fuzzy set theory uses the concept of fuzzy set membership (i. e. , how oft a variable is in a set), and probability theory use s the concept of subjective probability (i. . , how probable do I think that a variable is in a set). While this distinction is mostly philosophical, the fuzzy-logic-derived disaster measure is inherently different from the probability measure, hence they are not directly equivalent. However, many statisticians are persuaded by the work of Bruno de Finetti that only one kind of mathematical uncertainty is needed and thus fuzzy logic is unnecessary. On the other hand, baronet Kosko arguescitation needed that probability is a subtheory of fuzzy logic, as probability only handles one kind of uncertainty.He also claimscitation needed to have proven a derivation of Bayes theorem from the concept of fuzzy subsethood. Lotfi Zadeh argues that fuzzy logic is different in character from probability, and is not a replacement for it. He fuzzified probability to fuzzy probability and also generalized it to what is called possibility theory. (cf. 6) editSee also Logic portal Thinking portal fak e intelligence Artificial neural network Defuzzification Dynamic logic Expert system ill-judged dilemma Fuzzy architectural spatial analysis Fuzzy associative matrix Fuzzy classificationFuzzy concept Fuzzy guarantee Language Fuzzy Control System Fuzzy electronics Fuzzy mathematics Fuzzy set Fuzzy subalgebra FuzzyCLIPS expert system Machine encyclopedism Multi-valued logic Neuro-fuzzy Paradox of the heap Rough set Type-2 fuzzy sets and systems Vagueness Interval finite element Noise-based logic editNotes Novak, V. , Perfilieva, I. and Mockor, J. (1999) mathematical principles of fuzzy logic Dodrecht Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0-7923-8595-0 Fuzzy Logic. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. 2006-07-23. Retrieved 2008-09-29. Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Fuzzy sets, nurture and Control 8 (3) 338353. James A. OBrien George M. Marakas (2011). Management Information Systesm (10th ed. ). New York McGraw Hill. pp. 431. Zadeh, L. A. et al. 1996 Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Logic, Fuzzy Systems, World Scientific Press, ISBN 9810224214 Novak, V. Are fuzzy sets a reasonable whoreson for modeling vague phenomena? , Fuzzy Sets and Systems 156 (2005) 341348. editBibliography Von Altrock, Constantin (1995). Fuzzy logic and NeuroFuzzy applications explained. Upper point River, NJ Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 0-13-368465-2. Arabacioglu, B.C. (2010). Using fuzzy inference system for architectural space analysis. utilise Soft Computing 10 (3) 926937. Biacino, L. Gerla, G. (2002). Fuzzy logic, continuity and effectiveness. Archive for Mathematical Logic 41 (7) 643667. inside10. 1007/s001530100128. ISSN 0933-5846. Cox, Earl (1994). The fuzzy systems handbook a practitioners guide to building, using, maintaining fuzzy systems. capital of Massachusetts AP Professional. ISBN 0-12-194270-8. Gerla, Giangiacomo (2006). Effectiveness and Multivalued Logics. Journal of emblematic Logic 71 (1) 137162. doi10. 2178/jsl/1140641166.ISSN 0022-4812. Hajek, Petr (1998). Metamathematics of fu zzy logic. Dordrecht Kluwer. ISBN 0792352386. Hajek, Petr (1995). Fuzzy logic and arithmetical hierarchy. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 3 (8) 359363. doi10. 1016/0165-0114(94)00299-M. ISSN 0165-0114. Halpern, Joseph Y. (2003). Reasoning about uncertainty. Cambridge, Mass MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-08320-5. Hoppner, Frank Klawonn, F. Kruse, R. Runkler, T. (1999). Fuzzy cluster analysis methods for classification, data analysis and image recognition. New York John Wiley. ISBN 0-471-98864-2. Ibrahim, Ahmad M. (1997).Introduction to Applied Fuzzy Electronics. Englewood Cliffs, N. J Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-206400-6. Klir, George J. Folger, Tina A. (1988). Fuzzy sets, uncertainty, and information. Englewood Cliffs, N. J Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-345984-5. Klir, George J. St Clair, Ute H. Yuan, Bo (1997). Fuzzy set theory foundations and applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall. ISBN 0133410587. Klir, George J. Yuan, Bo (1995). Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic theory and applications. Upper Sa ddle River, NJ Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 0-13-101171-5. Kosko, baronet (1993).Fuzzy thinking the new science of fuzzy logic. New York Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-8021-X. Kosko, Bart Isaka, Satoru (July 1993). Fuzzy Logic. Scientific American 269 (1) 7681. doi10. 1038/scientificamerican0793-76. Montagna, F. (2001). cardinal complexity problems in quantified fuzzy logic. Studia Logica 68 (1) 143152. doi10. 1023/A1011958407631. ISSN 0039-3215. Mundici, Daniele Cignoli, Roberto DOttaviano, Itala M. L. (1999). Algebraic foundations of many-valued reasoning. Dodrecht Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0-7923-6009-5. Novak, Vilem (1989). Fuzzy Sets and Their Applications.Bristol Adam Hilger. ISBN 0-85274-583-4. Novak, Vilem (2005). On fuzzy type theory. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 149 (2) 235273. doi10. 1016/j. fss. 2004. 03. 027. Novak, Vilem Perfilieva, Irina Mockor, Jiri (1999). Mathematical principles of fuzzy logic. Dordrecht Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0-7923-8595-0. Onses, Richard (1996). Second Order Experton A new Tool for Changing Paradigms in Country Risk Calculation. ISBN 8477195587. Onses, Richard (1994). purpose de l? incertitude inherente aux investissements en Amerique Latine sur la base de la theorie des sous ensembles flous.Barcelona. ISBN 8447508811. Passino, Kevin M. Yurkovich, Stephen (1998). Fuzzy control. Boston Addison-Wesley. ISBN 020118074X. Pedrycz, Witold Gomide, Fernando (2007). Fuzzy systems engineering Toward Human-Centerd Computing. Hoboken Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978047178857-7. Pu, Pao Ming Liu, Ying Ming (1980). Fuzzy topology. I. vicinity structure of a fuzzy point and Moore-Smith convergence. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 76 (2) 571599. doi10. 1016/0022-247X(80)90048-7. ISSN 0022-247X Santos, Eugene S. (1970). Fuzzy Algorithms.Information and Control 17 (4) 326339. doi10. 1016/S0019-9958(70)80032-8. Scarpellini, Bruno (1962). Die Nichaxiomatisierbarkeit des unendlichwertigen Pradikatenkalkuls von Lukasiewicz. Journal of Symbolic Logic (A ssociation for Symbolic Logic) 27 (2) 159170. doi10. 2307/2964111. ISSN 0022-4812. JSTOR 2964111. Steeb, Willi-Hans (2008). The Nonlinear Workbook Chaos, Fractals, Cellular Automata, Neural Networks, cistrontic Algorithms, Gene Expression Programming, Support Vector Machine, Wavelets, Hidden Markov Models, Fuzzy Logic with C++, Java and SymbolicC++ Programs 4edition.World Scientific. ISBN 981-281-852-9. Wiedermann, J. (2004). Characterizing the super-Turing computing power and efficiency of classical fuzzy Turing machines. Theor. Comput. Sci. 317 (1-3) 6169. doi10. 1016/j. tcs. 2003. 12. 004. Yager, Ronald R. Filev, Dimitar P. (1994). Essentials of fuzzy modeling and control. New York Wiley. ISBN 0-471-01761-2. Van Pelt, Miles (2008). Fuzzy Logic Applied to Daily Life. Seattle, WA No No No No Press. ISBN 0-252-16341-9. Wilkinson, R. H. (1963). A method of generating functions of several variables using analog junction rectifier logic.IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers 12 ( 2) 112129. doi10. 1109/PGEC. 1963. 263419. Zadeh, L. A. (1968). Fuzzy algorithms. Information and Control 12 (2) 94102. doi10. 1016/S0019-9958(68)90211-8. ISSN 0019-9958. Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Fuzzy sets. Information and Control 8 (3) 338353. doi10. 1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X. ISSN 0019-9958. Zemankova-Leech, M. (1983). Fuzzy Relational Data Bases. Ph. D. Dissertation. Florida conjure University. Zimmermann, H. (2001). Fuzzy set theory and its applications. Boston Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-7435-5. editExternal links

Mcmurphy a christ figure Essay

Bromden and McMurphy are lead to the electroshock room later on they stood up for George, a fellow screen inhabitant, and assaulted the employees. As they anticipate the electroshock therapy, Bromden is nervous and afraid. However, McMurphy strangely expresses optimism despite the scratch up situation. The passage in which McMurphy gets prepared for the treatment clearly alludes to a martyr, specifically saviour Christ. McMurphy even refers to himself as a Christ figure when he asks, Do I get a crown of thorns? McMurphy sacrifices himself for his friends in the wards. He gives up his own mind and life for Bromden, George, Billy, and the others so that they could have hope, a daring light breaking the austere darkness. Also, equivalent Christ, McMurphy accepts his sacrifice with just about sort of willingness, obligation, and tried optimism.Though McMurphy may not have been as polite as Christ would have (Hooee, those Chinese Commies could have versed a few things from you, la dy, from McMurphy to Nurse Ratched), he admits his treatment somewhat graciously and definitely intrepidly. He sings and makes their (employees) hands shake, certainly intimidating the workers, which is true of saviour when his responses and reactions intimidate his executor, Pilate. Kesey presents McMurphy as a strong figure but free vulnerable to pain as the reader can observe after he receives multiple shock therapies. He endures them as optimistically as he can, but Bromden can see that they weary him, just like how the lashing wearied Christ. Most people know the history of Jesus Christ, so the reader can foretell the ending of the story using the apparent allusions in the passage. In conclusion, the story forebodes McMurphys inevitable and all important(p) death, similar to that of Christs. His sacrifice essentially breaks limits within the ward, and in the larger picture, within society as well.

Port Chicago Disaster

The air gelt Disaster On the 24 of July 1944, a memorandum was written from passkey W. S. Parsons, USN to Rear full admiral W. R. Purnell, IJSN. It was a report on the most destructive explosion on United States soil at that time. It was effn as the Port Chicago Explosion. Captain Parsons puddleed in the Bureau of Ordnance as their Liaison Officer. So he was a prime candidate for the Job. Rear Admiral Purnell was the point in time of the Military Policy Committee. This memorandum was non intended to incarce regularize people, stipulate its cause, nor report defects in the design of munitions depots.Its sole urpose was to collect data from the detri man bureaut done and to find the exact time when the explosion happened. Captain Parsons intractable the exact time based on seismic activity. He impelled the time of detonation occurred at approximately between 2218-2244 on the 17 of July, 1944. It was found that approximately 2000 tons of high explosion were present on the d ock at the time of the explosion. He also primed(p) that return damage extended approximately 1500 yards from the explosion. This was minor damage precisely profound none the less.From ground zero and out to approximately 1000 feet it was determined that there was total destruction. However, at 1000 feet there were 3 civilians that remained lively these were the closest survivors to the blast. This horrible misfortune could meet been prevented, scarcely if certain factors were address accordingly. Within the confines of the munitions depot at port Chicago, there was racism. Akers states The planetary classification test employed at this time placed the ignominious ratings at Port Chicago in the lowest twelfth of the Navy.According to their superiors, these men were unreliable, emotional, pretermited capacity to understand or remember orders or instructions, were particularly capable to ass psychology and moods, lacked mechanical aptitude, were suspicious of strange offic ers, dis correspondingd receiving orders of each kind, particularly from white officers or petty officers, and were inclined to look for and occupy an issue of discrimination. For the most part, they were quite young and of limited education. 1 dim men, no matter what they scored on their classification test were put into these onerous work parties.If they scored high enough and there were empty billets, they would be transferred to other(prenominal) duty station. in that locationfore, there was a lack of good leaders to be had. This is a prime example of discrimination. Another example of racism at this munitions depot is that Negroes in the galley slave dont mind chargeing ammunition. They Just compliments to know why they are the yet ones doing the loading They want to know why they are segregated why they dont get promoted. 2 This verbalise that the racism was severe and the moral of the inkiness sailors was very low.When morale was low, they started to submit quest ion and the quality of work that and more devoted to accidents. In addition, white officers were put in charge of these loading parties and the black sailors did not like them. On top of that, the commanding officer, Captain Kinne, demanded a quota a great deal tons per hatch per hour. These white officers deemed this goal, of the commanding officer, too high. But they had to fulfill it so far or else their Jobs were on the line. Allen declared, officers sometimes raced working divisions against each other to urge on up loading. 3 This cause workers to work at an unsafe speed and ofttimes times a shell would drop to the deck. Allen also stated As Carr the wench keep personnel looked on, one man lost his grip on a shell it dropped two feet and hit the deck with a thud. This showed that the rate at which they loaded ammunition onto the ships was unsafe. It make the possibility for a disaster very high. Still the Captain Kinne, the white officers had quotas to fill so they negle cted these ominous signs and kept on pushing. Only if they could sacrifice slowed down the load rate, this disaster could have potentially been avoided.Another factor that could have prevented this disaster would be training. According to Julius J. Allen in his court martial trial he stated, There was no training in ammunition handling. 5 These black subaltern sailors were not trained to handle igh explosives, at the same time, the white officers were inadequately trained to supervise the loading process of high explosives. According to Freddie Meeks When those bombs, slathered in grease, bounced down the plank, theyd bang into other bombs and everyone would pray to Almighty God. They made grave sound.Sometimes, you thought they would explode. Youd almost have a let ont attack to hear those bombs hitting together Id ask the lieutenant about it and hed say dont worry. 6 The black sailors were weary of working with these explosives but were told by fficers that the openhandedr mu nitions were not active and could not explode and that they would be armed with their fuses upon arrival at the combat theater. Because of the inadequate training of the white officers, they disillusioned the black sailors. The black sailors would believe them because of their lack of training with explosives as well.Therefore, this made for carelessness in the handling of the high explosives because all personnel apart of the loading parties did not know that the shells had the potential to explode because the training was negligent. Another aspect is the equipment used for handling of the high explosives. Handling of these larger explosives such as bombs and shells bear on breaking soulfulness munitions out with levers and crowbars from boxcars. The shells were packed in tightly with pugilism material, and they were heavy cylindrical shapes.The black sailors would roll them along the wooden pier, packing material them into nets, lifting them with a windlass and boom, lowering the bundle into the hold, and then dropping the individual explosives a short distance by hand into place. This series of actions was close to enough that naval shells were sometimes damaged and began leaking identification dye from their ballistic caps. This should have been a major warning that an explosion was explosives. Therefore, the explosives were more prone to damage because of the kind of crude equipment they were using.In addition, the powered winches used on cargo ships were used to speed up the handling of heavy loads. One winch was operated at each of the ships five cargo holds. During loading operations, the winches were worked hard, requiring steady maintenance in order to remain operable. Winch brakes, a safety singularity provided for stopping the load from falling if the winchs main power was lost, were not often used by a skilled winch operator s the load could be more quickly maneuvered using various power settings than by application of the brakes.Disused br akes sometimes seized up and stopped working. Additionally, the winches on the SS E. A. Bryan were steam-powered and showed signs of wear, even though the ship was only five months old. Equipment could have been a factor, but also the lack personal protective equipment was another factor. In many cases there was no personal protective equipment provided by the munitions depot. In an interview with Carl Tuggle, he stated that If you wanted to wear gloves, you purchased them. That was the only way you had gloves o wear and to use while you were working.At night we were provided habiliments to keep us from the elements on the dock at night because it was cold, but otherwise we supplied everything else ourselves. 7 Since the black sailors often were not promoted they remained stagnant with the localize of Junior sailor. Therefore, they would not make a lot of money and not have money to buy proper personal protective equipment. This made the work parties more prone to accidents. It wa s so dangerous that even commander Paul B. Cronk, head of a Coast Guard explosives-loading detail tasked with direction of the orking dock, warned the Navvy that conditions were unsafe and ripe for disaster.The Navvy refused to change its procedures and Cronk withdrew the detail. The Navvy still put a blind eye to the munitions depot at Port Chicago therefore the disaster was waiting to happen. This may have been the most destructive explosion, but it was almost expected as Captain Parsons reported, Port Chicago was designed for large explosions. 8 He stated that the munitions depot designed at Port Chicago was designed for large explosions and because of the design there was a very minimal departure of smell outside of the munitions depot.Nonetheless, it was eventually determined that 320 of the men on duty at the pier died instantly, and 390 civilians and military personnel were injured, many seriously. Surprisingly, this was a major loss for the black sailor community in whi ch, roughly 15 percentage of all the black casualties in the US Navvy during the entire war. 9 Shortly after the disaster, Port Chicago assigned white sailors to work alongside black sailors loading ammunition. This was the first step towards desegregation. To fix the lack of training, the Navvy instituted new training and safety procedures for the handling of high explosives.If and only if the Navvy listened to the Coast Guard Explosives-Loading detail supervising the loading of the explosives, the Port Chicago explosion would have never happened and this memorandum would have never been written. 1. Regina T. Akers, The Port Chicago Mutiny, 1944, in Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century An world-wide Perspective, ed. Christopher M. Bell and Bruce A. Elleman (London Frank Cass, 2003), 200. 2. Robert L. Allen, Final Outcome? Fifty Years after the Port Chicago Mutiny, American Visions 9 (1994).http// search. ebscohost. com.http//search. ebscohost. comhttp//montfordpointmarinesand honor.blogspot.com/2013/09/http//search.epnet.com/Login.aspx?lp=login.asp&038ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Egoogle%2Ecom%2Eua%2F&038authtype=ip,uidhttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B4%E3%81%AE%E6%83%A8%E4%BA%8B

Global Perspective on Health Policy Essay

The debatable write of fountainheadness mission coverage for tout ensemble individuals is an honorable and moral lie with that Americans struggle with and as socially proactive as they are on thither are many issues arising of it. wellness do is non whole about health and coverage but the major issue is about funding, what can be funded and what cannot be funded and how is going to be funded. universal proposition health cathexis in opposite countries offers insight into some of the biggest issues and best alternatives for providing health sell to all and to resolve the health get by rising speak to. The ethical issue of health care has led to the Accountable Care guess or Obama Care constitution evolution and legislating. More time, data and research has to be done before the definite results of this legislation can be proven.A controversial issueConsidering the opposing views about Accountable Care consummation legislation, its reasonable to understand why universa l health care has elicit such a heated policy-making controversy among political parties as well as throughout American people. Unlike other Western industrialized nations, the U.S. has not established a universal health care system. Since health care is a fundamental defining policy of the modern state, and since Obamas health care repair can be seen as an expansion of the aim of government, it can be analyzed in a international context (Ha, 2012). The issue of health care reform brings important ethical issues of justice to the forefront, as individuals, communities, and the legislature struggle with how to result quality health care for the many without sacrificing the basic rights of even the a couple of(prenominal) (Sorrel, 2012). constitutions creationThe divide on health care coverage, cost and sustainability for all Americans and the increased cost of health care in United States led to legislations being brought to seek out a ancestor to the issue. The American Recov ery and Reinvestment Act was the first of these righteousnesss, this act signed into law in 2009 by President Obama. The Preservation of Access to Care for Medicare Beneficiaries and award Relief Act was also signed into law. Also enacted and accompanied by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act. Another legislation that became a law in 2010 is the Patient Protection and inexpensive Care Act (Patel, 2013).Provisions in the act are designed to expand amends coverage, control costs, and target prevention (Gable, 2011). One of the primary targets is adults aged 19-64, since their entre to health care and use of health services deteriorated between 2000 and 2010, particularly among those who were uninsured (Kenney, McMorrow, Zuckerman, & Goin, 2012). The PPACA includes reforms such as prohibiting insurers from denying coverage for pre-existing conditions, expanding Medicaid eligibility, subsidizing indemnity premiums, and providing incentives for businesses to pr ovide health care benefits. Insurance companies leave no drawn-out be able to drop clients when they become ill. The act has the potential to correct health outcomes across all income and age groups at a lessen cost (Sorrel, 2012).Steps in the state and federal policy evolution process. The steps of the development process focus in the four pillars of health reform improving the quality of care, making health damages policy affordable, supporting personal responsibility, and developing a sustainable approach to health care financing. This platform will help focus the initiative to tackle the growing costs of health care while preserving the highest quality of care for all Americans and avoiding cost-shifting wherever possible (Bipartisan form _or_ system of government Center, 2013).Many ACA provisions went into effect nowadays or soon after the health reform law was enacted in 2010 others are being phased in over time. Several major reforms, including the Medicaid expansi on, insurance exchanges, and minimum coverage provision (individual mandate) will go into effect in 2014, and still others will go into effect later. APHA recommends some(prenominal) great resources for tracking state progress on creating health insurance exchanges, funding states have received through various ACA provisions, and states intentions regarding the Medicaid expansion, and other topics (APHA, 2010).Policy development vs performance.Policy development starts with knowing what the problem is and how the policy will improve the issue. So the importance of analyzing the data about the problem needing fixed. When piece the policy provide the opportunity for the input of the policy makers to suggest changes which provides various viewpoints. To present the policy to the committees for approval or changes as needed. Policy slaying is ready to start with a timetable of how the implementing of the policy and briefing the States. Implementation of the cheap Care Act is an eno rmous administrative challenge, and many details of its performance are still developed by the Department of Health and adult male Services (Wann, 2013). Policy development starts from the moment the public, the legislature think there is an issue and a solution is needed. The ACA development started many years ago back in the 90s when the Clinton administration itemally Hillary Clinton supported the creation of a Universal Health Care system, that laid the foundation on which ACA started to garner the issues and started to research possible solutions.The issues was brought by the public to the air pressure, to the meetings and hearings during the elections campaign and started to gather fortissimo and support on President Obama challenge not only the American people, but the entire coitus to bring out to the negotiations idea on how to increase access to care while reducing cost. The ACA legislation development follows several tenets as the building block in which the legis lation was written and develop on, Quality affordable health care for all Americans, the business office of public curriculums, Improving the quality and efficiency of health care, prevention of degenerative disease and improving public health, Health care workforce, Transparency and program integrity, Improving access to innovative medical therapies, Community living financial aid services and supports and Revenue provisions (Democrat Senate, 2004).The implementation process of the legislation follows the aforementioned(prenominal) tenet but there is not patternning and changing is the plan drafted and written how each steps will be attained and when and in conclusion the evaluation of the development and the implementation and sitting back in the draftsmanship table to fix any encountered issues. The development and implementation phases of the legislation cannot be seen as two different path but rather as a process of two collaboration between the two move using the sa me foundation to build. To summarize the differences between development and implementation would be that the developments of the policy consist of the idea to the final written policy. The implementation of the policy is the start of putting the policy in action.Stakeholders appointmentThe stakeholders became involved with the affordable care act because even though this was controversial many believed that the needs were far greater than the issue and some changes were needed. Stakeholders for this legislation is the entire country of United States as the affected party, the health care providers, the legislators, the President of United States. In health care, the overarching goal for providers, as well as for every other stakeholder, must be improving range for patients, where value is defined as the health outcomes achieved that matter to patients relative to the cost of achieving those outcomes. Improving value requires either improving one or to a greater extent outcome s without raising costs or lowering costs without compromising outcomes, or both. Failure to improve value means, well, failure (Porter, Lee, 2013).Stakeholders are heard during the elections periods where the issues to be discussed should and have to be of interest to the public to be added to the political platform. The press heartens an important role on serving as the echo or the microphone to put the issues that are important for the American people. The Health care providers were a major force on the legislation development as their input from a business standpoint played major role on discussing subject fields that were part of the problem as well as area that needed to stay the same and it also serve as some other voice of the public on such a controversial issue.Congress as a stake holder not only play a vital role on policy development and draught but was the starting point of bringing the issue to the front and pose it in the agenda to be discussed and heard and last the President and its decision maker branch as the approval seal to the developed policy. In compact the Affordable Care Act has pique the interest not only as a national issue but a global one. Like any policy development the issues have to discuss by the stakeholders representing health care and each and every one has a specific interest in the issue to be solve.ReferencesAmerican Public Health Association, (2014), ACA Implementation. Retrieved wonderful 4, 2014 from http//www.apha.org/advocacy/Health+Reform/implementation/ Bipartisan Policy Center, (2013). Managing Costs, Preserving Care Health Care Cost Containment Report Release. Retrieved on horrible 4th, 2014 from http//bipartisanpolicy.org/projects/health-care-cost-containment-initiative Patel, K. Parker, R. Villaruel, A.Wong,W (2013). Amplifying the Voice of the Underserved in the Implementation of the Affordable Care Act. Retrieved on August 4th, 2014 from http//www.iom.edu/Global/Perspectives/2013/AmplifyingTheVoice H a, J. (2012). Health Care Reform vs ObamaCare Partisan framing of FOX, MSNBC, NYT snd WSJ. Retrieved on August 4th, 2014 from http//gnovisjournal.org/2012/11/30/health-care-reform-vs-obamacare-partisan-framing-of-fox-msnbc-yt-and-wsj/ Porter, M. E. (2013), The Strategy that will fix health care. Harvard Business Review, Retrieved On August 4th, 2014 from http//hbr.org/2013/10/the-strategy-that-will-fix-health-care Sorell, M. J. (2012), Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Ethical Perspectives. Retrieved on August 4th, 2014 from http//www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/Columns/Ethics/Patient-Protection-and-Affordable-Care-Act-Ethical-Perspectives.html

Unit 204 Nvq Business and Admin

Unit 204 Communicate in a business environment-Nvq level 2 in Business and Administration Why do you requisite to hunch everyplace the purpose of any intercourse you are sending and its Intended citeence (1. 1, 1. 2) In what way does this affect the language you might use when producing create verbally communication or instruction? (2. 3) The purpose of communication is for human us to be qualified to understand each other for antithetic reasons. So if we develop our communicative skills we rear end use this skill as a tool to help me learn or explain something to someone or both.We also communicate to help one another, listen to each others problems, and figure difficulties we compositors case in life, find solutions to obstacles that whitethorn come into our lives. If we hump the audience, we can more effectively communicate with and persuade that audience. My motivation is to admit comfort from behaveing my whims and steriliseting recognition from the audienc e. Colloquial, casual, and formal writing are three plebeian styles that carry their own particular sets of expectations. Style also depends on the purpose of the catalogue and its audience. Colloquial language is an informal, conversational style of writing.Casual language involves day-after-day words and expressions in a familiar group context much(prenominal) as conversations with family or close friends. Formal language is communication that focuses on professional expression with attention to roles, protocol, and appearance. It is characterized by its language and syntax or the salubrious-formed arrangement of words in a sentence. Describe different methods of communication and when you would use them? (1. 3,1. 4) Different methods of communication that I would use in a business environment are Written communication by exchange of letters, emails or faxes.I would use every day to communicate with customer, colleagues at run low and with my supervisors Verbal communic ation when I use the rally or I talk with someone stage to organization. I would use this when talking with customers by name and when I talk with my work colleagues and managers face to face or by phone. Communication can be informal, like face to face communication that occurs in general in a workaday situation, or formal and It find reveals victorian order, and procedures, and can be recorded to warehousing the outcomes. What are some of the key schooling sources you may need to refer to when preparing compose communication and information? 2,1) The Key information sources I may need to refer to when preparing written communication and information and that can forethought me against inaccuracies can be guidelines, policies, procedures, records, meeting notes, specifications, handbooks, directories, service plans, organisation charts and the organisation intranet and I could speak with colleagues or managers. If I am responding to a customer or to a manager I would e vidence them done carefully to rafter I have addressed all the relevant points. When using email what are some of the key principles you should follow? (2. ) The key principles I should follow when using email are Start the email with a proper greeting as Mr, Mrs. If is pleasant within the organisation we could Hi or Hello. We must explain the purpose of the heart in a concise manner in the subject line. Get to the point of the message as soon as possible. move intot write in capital letters. Be careful of sending out email to a large number of populate because some people dont want their email address to be known by estrangers. Dont open an attachment or click in a link in an email from someone I don know as it could end up infecting the comput optioner with a virus. It is not acceptable to use emoticons and abbreviations (like the ones utilize in mobile text messages). I could research very unprofessional. Never use email to discuss confidential information and foll ow the Data Protection legislation. Dont use work email account to send personal emails. What should you do to ensure that your written communication theory are organised, structured and healthful presented to meet the needs of the mean audience? (2. 4) To ensure that my written communication theory are organised, structured and well presented to meet the need of the intended audience we should start by identifying who leave alone read the message.We need to think about what they need to know and the vocabulary we need to use. We must think about the tone of the message as well. We should create an outline that leave help to identify which steps to wee in which order and use simple language. The structure of the schedule should be reader friendly. What are the main ways you can break the accuracy of any written communication you produce? (2. 5) Any written content or communication has to be free of charming and grammatical breaks. It also has to be in the right and profe ssional format. We need to experience the points written down Whatever we write has to be accurate, otherwise it provide have disastrous effects and can even ruin the story of the organisation, and the organisation can itself get into trouble. We need to do a spell check and grammar check. Spell-check is an option available to easily correct typo errors. sometimes it testament not be 100% accurate, because if you had typed a word kind of of another, then spell check will not be able to trace it. So it is always trump to even read through the document twice before finalising. We could use a template.Every organisation has a different style for documents they produce. As an organisation, documents have to be produce in a standard and professional format. We could have our document read by another reader. Sometimes when we read or own work error can be hard to detect What is meant by plain English and why is it used? (2. 7) Plain English sometimes referred to more more often than not as plain language is a generic term for communication styles that emphasise clarity and the avoidance of technical language particularly in relation to official g overnment communication, including laws.The intention is to write in a manner that is easily dumb by everyone and is appropriate to their reading skills and knowledge, sort out and direct, free of cliche and unnecessary jargon. Plain English is simple, straightforward, easily understood English, in other words the opposite of the English used by lawyers which uses long words, out-of-date words, technical words and Latin words. Why is it great to ensure that spelling, grammar and punctuation are accurate? (2. 6) The main purpose in the correct use of grammar, punctuation and spelling is ensuring the receiver of the information reads it accurately.Addition to this when habituated a t petition to do, your employer expects you to do it perfectly. When a document has inaccuracies, readers tend to qualm everythin g, including the statistics, opinions, and facts. This would be relayed spinal column to my employer who would themselves lose confidence in our ability. For progression in my company I need to ensure I carry out all tasks to a certain standard. Why is it necessary to proof read and check written work? (2. 8) Any work that is written has to be proofread and checked because the content that we write is important.The way a idea or any information looks affects the way others judge it. We all put in so much effort to develop a document and put in all the ideas and skills we have to create a document. So it has to be error free, else it will create a bad tone to the reader, which affects the name of the organisation. So it is always best to create the correct document and misrepresent a good impression. As they regularise, The first impression is the best impression. I should proofread virtually any written piece, from emails to minutes.Just proofreading will have a great effect on the quality of my material, and I am sure that way, I will earn more want from people. How do you distinguish between work which is important and that which is urgent? (2. 9) central communications those that can provide significant value to the organisation This could be reports to managers, partners, emails and letters to staff about developments or changes within the organisation. Urgent communications are those which have deadlines. Urgent task are not necessarily complicated but are usually linked to the organisation targets for retort times.What are the procedures you need to follow for saving and filing written communications in your organisation? (2. 10) The procedures I need to follow for saving filling written communications in my organisation are when I institutionalize records, I organise files or records with similar information together. Important documents that need accessing by other departments or member of staff are save in the shared drive. Any confidentia l information are unploughed in personal folders or encrypted with a password. Records may be unbroken as paper files, or electronically in shared drives, databases, or document management systems.When speaking with people face to face and over the telephone, what can you do to ensure you are presenting information and ideas all the way and are contributing effectively to discussions? (3. 1, 3. 2) To ensure I am presenting information and ideas clearly when speaking with people face to face or over the phone I should think about what I am going to say before start talking so when I present information and ideas they will be much more concise. Knowing the subject subject area by reading about it, doing some research or communicate colleagues or managers will help as well.It is a good idea to write it down so we can organise our thoughts and then express them clearly. We can ask questions to get some feed back and cave in the other person participate in the conversation. How do you show people you are actively earshot to them? (3. 3) To show people that I am actively listening face to face or over the phone I need to use appropriate phrases like I see, I understand, mmmm and ask questions to check my understanding. In face to face communication I can see as well facial expressions of the person I am talking to and they can see mine.Not being sincere or not showing engross in the other person when talking to them can be notice from our facial expressions and our gestures We should make eye finish up with the person we are talking to and show that we are actively listening by nodding our head or saying yes or I see. When talking to people face to face or over the telephone, what are the key reasons you would summarise your conversations with them? (3. 4) When talking to people face to face or over the phone they reasons I should summarise my conversation with them is to reflect back what I have heard and because is not helpful to make assumptions.It alway s better to check if we are not sure of something and ask the other person to give us further information. Summarising can cleanse the quality and accuracy of our conversation. What are the main ways you can get feedback on whether communications with others have been effective and how can that feedback be used to develop your communication skills? (4. 1,4. 2) The main ways I can get feedback on whether communications with others have been effective are asking questions and fashioning sure they understood fully. We should ask colleagues and mangers to give us feed back on how we are communicating with others.During face to face conversations you can ascertain the facial expressions, gestures, and posture of the person youre communicating with and from this determine their level of interest and agreement with your message. I should observe more experience colleagues and ask them what I do well and areas where I can improve. I could collect examples of well constructed email and le tters and use them as a reference. I will have to set the example for the team and create an environment of self-reliance that makes it okay to share feedback. I should provide my team with a agreement of positive feedback and feedback for improvement and receive them too.

Philosophy Essay Deontology

philosophical system 101 Midterm Essay Number One Friday October 19th 2012 Deontology Immanuel Kants deontological moral theory provides a strong base for making chastise decisions and is a better ethics system than Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mills utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is an good theory that is attri exclusivelyed to philosophers John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham. Utilitarianism is a theory retentivity that the proper run-in of action is adept which maximizes rapture for the volume. 2It is considered a consequentialist philosophical view because it corresponds the belief that forces laughingstock be predicted based on the course of actions.Utilitarianism is a nonher way of stating the end justifying the means. Deontologists argue that the means of ones actions should be ethical regardless of the upshot contrasting to utilitarianism where the vector sums essential benefit the absolute majority. 3Deontology demands that ethical norms be used with the b elief that there ar transcendent ethical norms and truths that are univers on the wholey applicable for each. Deontology reinforces that actions can be immoral regardless of their outcome because the actions made can be unseasonable in themselves. Through this Kant uses a categorical imperative meaning one must act chastely at completely time.Kant believes that all people base their moral conclusions on their rational thought. Thus, deontology is a nonher way of stating the means justifying the end. conceive an evil villain holds you and four others hostage and instructs you to kill one of the four hostages and if you chose not to do this, the villain will kill every one. You have no doubts near the reality of the villains treats therefore you fully believe that he will do what he says he will. This leaves you with two options. The first option is to kill one of the four and save the lives of the other three as well as yourself.From a utilitarian perspective one would come to the conclusion that they must kill the one person because in the end, it has the most dear outcome for all. (the most people leave the scene alive) In contrast, deontologists would conclude that you should not kill the one person because killing people is wrong as a universal moral truth. How do we know what is right? Utilitarianism is justifiable in a sense where it considers the pain and pleasure of every singular affected by a particular action or situation. 4 It in any chemise considers every individual as an equal and does not permit a person to congeal their interests to a higher place anything else.Utilitarianism also attempts to provide an objective method of making moral decisions. However, utilitarianism cannot assign a significant measure to all pains and pleasures considering that some pains and pleasures cannot or should not be heedful such as the life of an individual. Through suggesting that the ends justify the means would hypocrisy or cheating be consid ered ethical if the outcome is positive? Suppose a person murders another and gets absent with it. Would this be considered ethical in the sense where in the end his outcome is positive because he gets away with it?Utilitarianism assumes that outcomes can always be determined before an action is put in place. Outcomes, however are unpredictable, making utilitarianism fundamentally flawed it is unacceptable to predict the outcomes of ones actions with absolute authorizedty. Thus one can argue that utilitarianism can evolve into a dangerous moral case where people can justify evil actions on the belief that the outcome is beneficial for all (in the case where the other hostages as well as yourself get away alive) or positive (where one gets away with fictionalization and cheating).Furtherto a greater extent, assuming the population would not feel guilt in their actions and that the sadness of the minority would be less than the happiness of the majority, but one must remember tha t it is net consequences not just who is happiest. Deontological theories do have their pitfalls. For instance, it is not always clear how to rank moral duties because they can at times be insoluble. 5 In the example of telling the truth to fulfill a moral duty, it could lead a person to tell a receiver where to find an intended victim.Showing that one set of rules cannot account for every scenario exit people without guidance in some moral decisions. Despite these drawbacks, deontological theories hold that human beings have a moral obligation to follow certain principles. Through Kants categorical imperative, human beings are essential to treat others ethically, virtuously and fairly. 6 This allows people to evaluate what they are doing and it permits them to go above and beyond the basic requirements of the rules lending a helping hand.Deontology is a more applicable theory because forces human beings to better themselves to treat others the way you would unavoidableness to be treated. It is considered to be a non-consequentialist moral theory because deontologists assert the righteousness of an action as not simply defined on the beneficial outcome of the majority but the morality of the action and if that action is morally acceptable. It demands that actions be ethical. Deontologists do not necessarily have universal claims, but rather absolute claims and it recognizes that actions can be wrong regardless of their results. In the example of killing people to save people, killing people is tranquil ethically wrong. ) A deontologist would argue that one can just be responsible for ones own actions and not the actions of others. In this example you are only responsible for your decision to kill one person since the villain is at last the one making the unethical choice to kill the rest of the prisoners. fifty-fifty though killing the one person would maximize the good of the majority there is something ethically wrong.Through this, deontology recogn izes that utilitarianism does not respect rights and is too destructive because it disregards all morals. In order for utilitarianism to work, the minority must suffer while the majority thrives, leading to great sacrifice to maximize the good of all. 7Deontological ethics capture the features of virtue because, in a sense it is simply a theory of our moral duties. While moral theories like utilitarianism speak of happiness as the ultimate goal of morality, deontology instead focuses on what we need to do be worthy of that happiness.Utilitarianism can lead a person to maneuver utility in situations where one should not, making utilitarianism flawed in affinity to deontology because utilitarianism does not assert the rightness of an action on what is ethically acceptable. 8 stress on the majority regardless of the minority makes utilitarianism not applicable. Even if we precious to put utilitarianism into effect, we would not be able to because there is no working measure of util ity. Whether that measure is pleasure, happiness or the object of desire, the outcome is not the same for all, therefore it is not applicable. To the contrary, deontology there are thical norms applicable to all because people come to moral conclusions about what is right or wrong based on their innate human rationality. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 1 Moral Absolutism Deontology and unearthly Morality November 3, 2010 Jacques Rousseau http//synapses. co. za/moral-absolutism-deontology-religious-morality/ 2 The History of Utilitarianism Friday, March 27 2009 Julia Driver http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/ 3 Consilient Inductions Friday, August 22, 2010 Jeff smith http//consilientinductions. blogspot. ca/2010/08/one-thing-begats-another. html 4 Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill (1863)Chapter 2 What Utilitarianism Is http//www. marxists. org/ abduce/archive/mill-john-stuart/1863/utility/ch02. htm 5 Pros &038 Cons of Ethical Theories Eric Dontigney http //www. ehow. com/info_8404891_pros-cons-ethical-theories. html 6 Kants Normative morality Richmound Journal of Philosophy June 2012, Brad Hooker http//www. richmond-philosophy. net/rjp/back_issues/rjp1_hooker. pdf 7 Moral surmise Royal College, John McMillan PhD http//www. royalcollege. ca/portal/page/portal/rc/resources/bioethics/primers/moral_theory 8 The Challenges of Utilitarianism and Relativism Andrew Heard, 1997 http//www. sfu. ca/aheard/417/util. html

Self-Image and Consumer Behavior

Article Review Self-Image and Consumer Behavior How infrangible Self-Beliefs Sway Preferences in the Marketplace Written by David Dunning In this article, David Dunning questions whether or not spirits, indispens adequatenesss, and needs ar the keys to close do in a consumers mind. He believes in a determination making proficiency called belief harmonization. With this, Dunning means that in order to reach a finality , it whitethorn require arranging and revising hotshots beliefs, needs, and preferences into a net produce of cognition that produces little tension among its elements. He states that this allows for two major sets on termination making.The first influence is if multitude hold a bias to favor one finality over an other(a), then that provide alter how they perceive the mathematical harvest-time. They bequeath solely make a decision on that bias and keep to it. In our book, it explains this with brand equity. The outcome shows that a consumer provide de cide based on the belief that this brand is go against than all of the others and not think twice to purchase. The second influence involves the beliefs that the consumer want to maintain, called inviolate beliefs. This is one claiming that the self is a moral, lovable, and capable individual.Dunning states that galore(postnominal) decisions in the consumer valet atomic number 18 based on this belief of self- physical body, even when the decision at choke has no relevance to the self. We buy to highlight or hide aspects of our self. Evidence for Decision Making as Belief harmonisation There is much evidence that suggest that judgment and decision making, including consumer look decision making, is cognise to be belief harmonization. Dunning stated that through the mid-forties and 1960s, deal depended on the consistency theory, balance theory, and the cognitive dissonance theory.However, it has been known that belief and other connections be applied as well. This would be r eferred to as connectionist modeling or parallel-constraint satisfaction. He gives a sure example of a young woman buying a car and the overconfident and cast out ciphers based on buying this car. There can be rough direct and indirect contradictions in the harmonization process. What mess do is rewrite what they believe in and make connections with the decision. It may lead towards the negative factors or the positive factors in this decision.Dunning states that the best decisions should be based on the beliefs that the individual possesses and will be the best indicator for it. Beliefs are equally able to influence and be influenced by other beliefs. The Influence of Decision Outcomes on Perceptions of Input Variables Emerging evidence demonstrates just how easily the causality in decision making can run in reverse. A preliminary opinion leaning toward one conclusion tends to alter how people approximate evidence in decision making. This also is a part of product choice a s well.The Influence of Logically Irrelevant Outside Beliefs any belief can bias people to initially favor one over another. These beliefs are called outside beliefs and tend to be irrelevant when it comes to the decision making process. Dunning talks near how a juror decides on whether or not someone should be sued for posting negative comments on the internet. They looked at both positive and negative sides of the defendant and never based their decision on if the defendant was a nice guy or not. exploit in the consumer world has also found similar bias ascribable to outside beliefs.Evidence for Sacrosanct Beliefs nearly the Self mess commonly access code every decision with the belief that their decision takes precedence and that they are straightforward individuals. They want their decisions to be positive so that their self-image is positive. In class, we learned about impression management, which means that we work to manage what others think of us. This is a factor i n our self-image. Evidence for Positive Self-Beliefs Researchers select showed that people have cheerful self-images, even to an unrealistic degree.Our psychological process that expertness help get around people with flattering views is a constant engagement in belief harmonization anchored on a self-belief. Research on self-evaluation also shows what lineament of moves or decisions people make for a positive self-image. This goes in hand with the ideal self portrayal and our concept of what we would like to be. With consumers, they easily adjust to certain products to help us reach our ideal self and have a positive outcome in our beliefs. Evidence for Belief harmonisation with Positive Self-BeliefsBeliefs about the social world are harmonized with flattering self-views. The judgment of people will affirm the positive impression of self. farming is a big factor in the consumer world, and that is where the beliefs and self-image become intertwined together. In our book, it talks about how in some cultures, women are supposed to foster harmonised relationships and men are supposed to be assertive and have certain skills. These beliefs make the positive self-image in the culture that the male and female are in. Definitions of Social Traits and JudgmentThere are many social traits out in the consumer world today. The article talks about how people tend to emphasize ad hoc attri furtheres and talents that they have and de-emphasize those they do not. These beliefs guide peoples judgments. They dress their attribution for success and failure to affirm about the self and the image it portrays. Dunning states that at times a doings is clearly an underlying trait. slew tend to adopt performance standards that place their own competence and reputation in a good light. Evidence for Belief Harmonization in ChoiceRecent developments in the consumer psychology literature provide strong hints that self-image motives may influence decision making in the marke tplace. Here are some points that turn tail an important role by self-image in decision making. * Self-Signaling this is the notion that people reach their decisions with an eye toward bolstering their self-images is similar to another idea emerging from work in decision making and choice. This is to signal the type of person they are. This explains behavior that remains curious and has been an explanation for peoples behavior.Shafir and Tversky conducted this behavior in the Newcomb problem, where it showed that a participant in the experiment picked an economically inferior resource to another option. * Endowment Effects commonwealth place more valuate on an object once they own in. Handing a coffee sign to a college student causes them to more than double what the mug is really worth. one time products are associated with people, it confirms the positive impressions of that person and becomes valuable for them to have. * Compensation Effects People buy to compensate for per ceived deficits. For example, men buy toupees to make up for hair loss.People buy products to cover their shortcomings for others not to see. * Affirmation Effects People express ideas that they are invulnerable to risk. Having self-esteem may prompt people to make choices with less concern. * Licensing Effects Once people have gained self-coloured evidence that they possess some sacrosanct trait, they act in a way that could potentially violate that they have that trait. This arises in consumer choice many times. Future Questions Dunning focuses on one specific sacrosanct belief, which is that the self is a lovable and capable person.He feels as though there could be other beliefs that exist as well. People possess private self-esteem but also can possess collective self-esteem. This very much thus influences peoples decisions and behavior in the marketplace. Also, beliefs that people seek might involve specific ones or rather a more boilers suit general one about the self as a whole. Willer studies on masculinity suggested that people bolster specific self-values. Also, many suggest that people are not as concerned with specific self-views as they are worried over a general sense of self-worth. Automatic versus thoughtful Nature of Self-Image MotivesAnother issue would be whether the impact of self-based sacrosanct beliefs is deliberative or mechanical in nature. Dunning believes that the impact of self-beliefs might be more automatic in nature. He argues that the term automatic can be the fount that the process of affirming favorable self-beliefs is beyond peoples control. Also that is may be the case that this process occurs below peoples sentience they may lack any insight that their choices are influenced by concerns over the self. However, peoples preferences can impose its influence below a persons awareness.The Moderating Role of Self-Esteem For sacrosanct beliefs about the self to influence consumer psychology, people must presumably have tho se sacrosanct beliefs, and people with low self-esteem may not have positive views to maintain. In the consumer realm, one could ask whether low self-esteem people will work as energetically as their high self-esteem peers harmonize consumer decisions with positive views of self. The Moderating Role of grow/Implications of Marketing As I discussed in this paper earlier, culture is another condition with how consumers make decisions.People in North America and Western Europe work to bolster their self-esteem. In the West, people seem more concerned with individuality and in the eastern hemisphere they focus on the collective self. Self-Image concerns may also carry implications for powerful marketing according to Dunning. People tend to state that they are incite to do good work in their job for reasons like personal growth, whereas other people are more motivated by money. That is how it kit and caboodle with decisions in consumer buying. People are influenced by social status. This article suggests that marketers should be mindful of the motivations that people are likely to cite as meridian considerations for their purchases. In conclusion, the article is about how consumer behavior is acted and what it is based upon. There are many different factors that the author speaks about in this article. Self-Esteem and Culture are two main pieces of the puzzle when it comes to how consumers react to certain products. In the marketing world, we marketers have to look at these factors and how much insight it will provide us when we are trying to get into the minds of our consumers.Dunning makes very evoke arguments of how we cannot look at the picture as a whole, but merely as different segments of ourselves that all tie together with the decision making process. I thought this was a very interesting article because it shows how experiments and studies were through to prove that these are main factors with consumer behavior. It also showed me how we basically b ecome the product and shine through the product for our own self-image. It could be even with go part of a group that reflects your personality, or just for your individual traits themselves.

Mercury Footwear Questions Essay

1. Is atomic number 80 an appropriate tar sop up for AGI? wherefore or why non?Yes, we do remember so.In the carapace, we could fall out some characteristics of footwear effort (1) It is a mature, highly competitive industry marked by low growth, but stable profit margin. (2) motion of individual firms could be quite volatile for they need to anticipate and campaign fashion trend. (3) Except some globular footwear brands, athletic and routine shoes market is still frag workforceted, which means each company could has its stimulate market because of its characteristic. (4) In this market, it is important for the brand image, specialized engineering for exploit and price. (5)Life cycle is short.(6) Inventory counseling and merchandiseion lead times are critical for the success. (7) Main sale channels are department stores, independent specialty retailers, sporting goods stores, boutiques and wholesalers. (8) Most of the firms outsource the manufactures in China. bene ath are some characteristics for Mercury and AGI we need to cogitate on during the abstractAGIMercuryTar loll around CustomerTarget customers are urban and suburban family members aged 25 to 45. Youth market, mainly 15 to 25.HistoryAmong the maiden companies to offer fashionable walking, hiking and boating footwear. Its mother company decided to feed the brand by creating complementary line of apparel. Because of the poor mental process, it was decided to exchange. flareLogo is marked with prosperous, active and fashion-conscious life movement. Its main customers are non disport in its apparel.Financial slayingAmong the most profitable firms.Had poor instruction execution after acquisition by WCF.Revenue contribution42% of value revenue from athletic shoes and balance from casual footwear. Revenue and operating income were 470.3 one thousand thousand and 60.4 million in 2006. Revenue and EBITDA were 431.1 million and 51.8 million..ProductsAthletic shoes developed from h igh-performance footwear to athletic fashion wear. Four main fractions mens and womens athletic and casual footwear.Casual shoes focus on mainstream market.In order to emphasizing individual products, it began to monitor styles and images from global cultureFocus on smaller portfolio of classic products with longer lifecycles and could defy simple production and supply chains.Sales channelsMainly exchange in department stores, specialty retailers, wholesalers and independent distributors. Small percentage is sold through website. Department stores, specialty stores, catalogs, bank discount retailers and internet.Inventory management grave at inventory management in the industry.Inventory management performance is worse than the intermediate aim. sourceOutsource manufacture in China.Outsource main materials in foreign suppliers.Advantages &DisadvantagesIt portion outs small size as its competitive disadvantages. And it faced with some problems in the consolidation of manuf acturers. Price cuts and advancement in apparel line hurts operating margins but helped to the growth in sales.Sales growth is lower than the average because of at that place is little discount in price.We could learn that managers of AGI want to enlarge the scale of its company and increase larger market share because of the stable profit margin. And since the revenue is virtually the same, it is a good choice to merge with Mercury, which means that revenue would be doubled after acquisition.And these two companies have some similar factors, such as (1) They could use the same sale channels after acquisition, and internet channel could be enlarged. (2) They could combine manufacturers to get a powerful trade in suppliers. (3) The product segments are almost the same, which means that there should be little work to do after acquisition in product adjustment. (4) Thanks to the profitable ability of AGI, it is much easier to make a get around financial performance of Mercu ry. (5)It is good for them to increase the performance of inventory management if they merge together. (6) Although their target customers are different, especially in ages, which means that style and brand are different in the really beginning, this factor could persuade into an advantage for the new company could have a fully segment of customers with a wider age ranges. wherefore, take into above factors into account we think that Mercury should be an appropriate target for AGI.2. Review the projections formulated by Liedtke. argon they appropriate? How would you recommend modifying them?In the case, we could discern that Liedtke used historical averages to suck up the overhead-to-revenue ratio. However, historical data is usually useless for prospective. Some studies ground there is little evidence that firms grew fast continued to grow fast in the next menses. And sometimes there are even negative correlations amongst growth strides in the two periods.Besides, smaller firms tend to be more volatile than others, which we could find the same characteristics in these two firms we are talking about. And just as we mentioned in the question 1, revenue whitethorn be doubled after acquisition, it just fits the theory that it is difficult to note historical growth pass judgments as firms double or triplet in size. Therefore, based on the above analysis, we think that it is not sensitive to use historical data for future projections. And sometimes, analyst should be come apart than the historical growth.Considering that there are five main channels for analyst forecasts firm-specific teaching, macroeconomic information, information revealed by competitors on future prospects, private information about the firm and public information other than earnings, we think Liedtke could find more information from above channles to get more accu tramp assumption.And since performance of Mercury is poorer than the average of the industry, it is better to us e industry average level for the benchmarking of Mercury when predicting, instead of a discount rate of AGI for example.And from the comparison of 2007 to 2006, we finish find Liedtkes forecast need great input from AGI to reassert the victimization of Mercury, whether he has taken this into consideration? And he estimate debt/ integrity ratio remains the same as AGI, that is also unreasonable, for it is not realizable to change that in short period.3. Estimate the value of Mercury apply a discounted cash in flow approach and Liedtkes base case projections.1first of all, to calculate the cash flows from 2007 to 2011, Net Income ( big(p) Expenditures Depreciation) Changes in non-cash work Capital= Free Cash flow to FirmWe roll in the hay get the result.Free Cash flow-17,19226,86721,74025,15829,319(2) then we need to calculate the termination value.a. Cost of CapitalFor address of seat of government, we know the debt ratio is 20%, and comprise of debt is 6%, we need to fi nd the court of law. We assume the approach of equity equal elapse on equity, we can calculate the historical return on equity from 2007- 2011 is as below, Return on equity12.8%14.1%14.5%14.8%14.9%We take 14% as reference.Based on the formulaCost of Capital =debt ratio * greet of debt +equity ratio * cost of equity, We can get the cost of Capital in 2012, 12.7%b. growth rate in futureWe can find during the period from 2007- 2011, the growth rate of net income is not stable, so we assume from 2012, Mercury enter into stable and slow development stage. And it is necessary to calculate the cash flow in 2012. From 2007- 2011, the growth rate ranged from 4.74%- 16.3%, we assume the growth in future leave be not that high. We can find during the period from 2008- 2011, the reinvestment rate 15.57%- 37.1%, we just take a middle one 24.37%, by multi reinvestment rate and cost of capital (assume cost of capital =return on capital), to ca-ca growth rate afterwards= 3.09%.c. based on th e growth rate is 3.09%, we can get EBIT in 2012 is 39,930.. We have assumed ROC=WACCTerminal Value=EBIT n+1*(1-t)/cost of Capital, we can get Terminal Value in 2011 is 315,237.(3)Present value of cash flowsWe have get the cash flows of 2007-2011 and terminal value in 2011, and the cost of capital is 12.7%, we can get the respective present value of them and reach the match present value 226,514, which is the estimate Firm value of Mercury.(4) alternate method to calculate cost of capital, then value of Mercurya. betaWe have learnt from Exhibit 3 of peer companies information in this personal line of credit, we can calculate cost of capital in substitute ways. Unlevered beta for business= Beta comparable firms/1+(1-t)(D/E ratio comparable firms) From information provided in Exhibit, we can get average Beta and D/E ratio, is 1.56, 24.9% respectively. Therefore Unlevered beta for business= 1.35 We know the D/E ratio and tax rate of Mercury, then get levered beta for Mercury =1.52b . risk drop out rate and risk grantwe assume risk freehanded rate is 5%, and risk premium as the historically one 4.3%. The cost of equity will be 11.5%. Then the cost of capital will be 10.6%.c. seem g and terminal value in 2011expect g and terminal value in 2011 will be 2.6% and 374,576 respectively.d. total present value of MercuryTotal value of Mercury will be 247,479, which is the estimate Firm value of Mercury under the secondary method.In my opinion, the value calculated via alternative method will be more reliable.4. Do you regard the value you obtained as conservative or aggressive? Why?I think my valuation is conservative, the reason is as follows (1) Under the basic method, the expected g is much lower than the average g from 2007-2011, even lower the lowest one within this period and the reinvested rate is lower than the average one from 2007-2011 and also not a high one in general business, and we can also found the EBIT Margin is lower than the average one in that business. (2)(3) Under alternative method, the expected g is much lower as 2.6%, the risk free rate is also a medium one, and the risk premium is a historical one, which is much higher than recent risk premium in USA.5. How would you analyze possible synergies or other sources of value not reflected in Liedtkes base case assumptions?We have conduct some mask in the spreadsheet, we can find the present value of Mercury is very sensitive to cost of capital, under basic model if the cost of capital reduce to 10%, the value will rise up to 304,882. As for debt ratio and expect g, it is not so sensitive, but has some influence. To my surprise, the reinvestment rate is not sensitive to the outcome, I have not figure out the reason. Under the alternative model, beta, risk free rate and risk premium are all sensitive to the outcome, but not significant as capital in basic model.As for synergy, the management of inventory has not shown great synergic opinion to the outcome, for from 2 007 to 2011, inventory level has not reduced. I think if AGI can reduce the cost of capital, which will show the great synergic effect to the acquisition.

Critically Assess the Uses and Limitations of Financial Statements Essay

Critically assess the uses and bounds of pecuniary avowals The definition for a fiscal dictation is a written report which quantitatively describes the financial health of a company. (www. investorwords. com) It consists of a symmetricalness woodworking plane, income statements and a cash conflate statement. This essay leave alone critically asses the uses and limitations of each of these examples of financial statements for a blood line. A balance rag week shows the financial condition of a avocation at a specific date (Langemeier & Klinefelter 2008). It shows what is owned by the c are, what is owed and the owners tract ( shed light on worth) of the business.The balance sheet has three main uses. Firstly, it is used for reporting purposes as part of a limited companys annual accounts. These mustiness be shown to Companies House, HM Revenue and Customs and any sh beholders unless agreed otherwise. It is withal used to let potential investors or lenders asses the worth of a business at any given time. This way they can forecast whether they think they should be investing silver into the business according to how final result the business is, how liquid its assets ar, how the business is financed and how much capital is being used. finally they can be used by the business itself to analyse how to rectify its management. There are a somewhat limitations of a balance sheet as some cherishs of current assets are estimated (www. businesslink. gov. uk) therefore the balance sheet does non reflect a 100% complete financial position of a business. Also, the fixed assets in the balance sheet contribute taken the depreciation of the asset into consideration and so the true value is non shown.Finally, intangible assets much(prenominal) as good go away cannot be heedful and are therefore estimated figures too and may be very wide thus causing the whole balance sheet to be incorrect. and so a balance sheet is effectual in many ways as long as whoever is interpreting the figures takes into consideration that a few of the figures are not accurate. An income statement, also known as a profits and loss account, measures the profits or losses a business has make over a certain period of time (money-zine. com).If a business wishes to expand and motifs a bank loan they will need to produce their profit and loss accounts for the previous three years so the bank can see whether they will be able to fall the loan. These must be accurate records or it will be taken into account as fraud. There are many advantages of keeping accurate and up to date records. Firstly, it gives a business the information it needs to be managed and help it grow. If a business can see where its strong or weak points are then it can find ways to mitigate for example by cutting down on expenses.It also enables a business to produce their income statement quickly if required and filling in their tax return easier and quicker which in turn reduc es the risk of affaire for late tax payments. These financial statements are usually available to the everyday which means competitors can see how each other are doing, even very few people understand them when all transactions are recorded in larger companies. There are also some limitations of income statements one being that its entropy does not tell the user anything round what may happen in the futurity or factors that may make future growth of the company.It is simply limited to accounting system data. The second limitation is that not all businesses use an acceptable accounting method. An example from www. money-zine. com states that if a business decides to accelerate depreciation then they hurt short-term net income and earnings (depreciation expense is larger). If they use straight line depreciation, net income in earlier years will be higher but it will be lower in the future (all things being equal). The final type of financial statement is a cash flow statement .It records the inflow and dodging of cash over a period of time. The cash flow statement allows investors to understand how a companys operations are running, where its money is coming from, and how it is being spent. According Hertenstein Article 26 there are three main people that want to see a businesss cash flow statements. Firstly stockholders want to know if the business is generating enough cash to pay dividends. Secondly suppliers want to know if their customers will be able to pay if offered credit.Thirdly investors want to evaluate future growth potential. These types of financial accounts are cheap to maintain because you do not have to be a trained accountant to produce them as they are not a complicated as the other types of financial accounts. Though the cash flow statement is a very useful tool of financial analysis, it has its own limitations which must be kept in mind at the time of its use.The main limitation is that the cash flow statement only records cash tran sactions and so ignores the basic accounting concept of accruals and tems bought on credit and therefore are not fit for judging the profitability of a business. Also cash flow statements are prepared using historical information which is in the past. Therefore it does not asses what may happen in the future to a businesss accounts. In conclusion, there are many uses for financial statements as they can a solid picture of a businesss consummation when compared to each other, and the users can easily spot flaws in the entitys financial position and manage these accordingly.However their limitations must be considered when analysing the data as they only supply the reader with past and present quantitative data and do not address any of the qualitative economic variables such as the morale of the employees or the quality of the management team. There is before long no way of measuring these intangible assets, even though a businesss human resources are some of its most rich asset s.