England: A Christian Country

England A Christian CountryChristianity as a faith is one that was first brought to the British Isles around 1st century AD, this was during the Roman Empire. Britain had its own set of phantasmal icons Pagan gods of the earth and Roman gods of the sky. It was into this setting that Christianity arrived, and It is thought to have started in England before moving to Ireland, Scotland, and then into other British Isles. This evangelization was carried out generally by the Gregorian Missionaries this eventually led to the beginning of the church service of England.The church of England which is the foremost form of Christianity in England has it beginnings towards the end of the 6th century, during the time of the Anglo-Saxons. The church of England highlights continuity through apostolic succession and traditionally looks to these early events for its origins rather than to changes brought about by the English reformation. Events such as Henry VIIIs rip with the Roman Catholic perform or the excommunication of Elizabeth I or the wider Reformation in mainland Europe atomic number 18 all events that contributed to the development of the church building of England as it is now established, but be regarded as a continuation of the arrival of the One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic church building to the British Isles.1 Wikipedia articles on the origins of the Church of England.However, as the years progressed the notion was formed that the Church was founded by God and the popular opinion monarch was automatically the Head of the Church, appointed also by God. Christianity go up from a small religion to be the depicted object religion, with the association of Church to Monarchy. This therefore meant that all proceedings within the Kingdom were governed by God. Christianity was a part of the people and the people were conditioned into the lifestyle of being Christians. Children were being baptized, taught in the faith as part of daily living as well as in school curriculum. Births, Marriages and Deaths/Funerals were conducted and registered by the Clergy. Therefore during this period, England was preponderantly a Christian nation. It is worth mentioning that there was also paganism in England, however as Christianity grew paganism cut.The discussion in this essay however, is not about the origins of Christianity nor is it about the origins of the Church of England. Some of the points discussed below are from person-to-person findings, while other points are secondary research.With the herald of a more than accommodating society, more religions are being rooted in the British society. This is also because of the increase in the ethnic groups in England, who have miscellaneous religions, and with the world of political correctness other religions are blooming and prosperous as well. Unfortunately, the percentage of English people of Christian origins are dwindling, leave generations after them to being less keen about religion altogether. Christianity is soft diminishing because we are now in a more blasphemous society. There are less faith schools, and the percentage of Church goers has reduced over the last couple of decades. According to personal findings, Church buildings are been sold or remodelled to other functionalities.In current times, even though England is officially a Christian rural, there are less than 40% of the people who are Christians and even few much less of them are a part of the Church of England. The remaining population are every Atheists or of a different religion. Findings have proved that the Church instantly has lost about 1 in 10 members are from 1996 to reconcile day, at this rate the church will find it hard to arrive in the next 50 years. There is now a ample fall in registered Births, Marriages and Deaths in the Church.The church today is been grounded by challenges from a changing society, where the Christian institution is on a decline as well as challenges from a rise in cultural and apparitional diversification.BBC sources record that the United Kingdom, which England is a part of is ethnically diverse, partly as a legacy of empire. Lately, the country has been struggling with issues revolving around multiculturalism, immigration and national identity. This is against a background concerns about terrorism and political and religious radicalism2In conclusion, we can accept that England is still officially a Christian country due to the fact that the Anglican Church is rooted in England and that the monarchy is associated with the Church of England, however it will be hard for Christianity to hold its footing if the Church does not rise up and take a stand.1. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_England2 . http//www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/history/uk_1.shtml3.http//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/5661035/Britain-is-no-longer-a-Christian-nation-claims-Church-of-England-Bishop.html

Effect of DDT on the Environment

Effect of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane on the purlieuEffect of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane to This EnvironmentPesticides became a bad forebode in agriculture since mid-twentieth century. In agriculture, pesticides argon an important element to control the study vector-borne diseases such as malaria and visceral leishmaniasis. There ar 4 major groups of pesticides insecticides, rodenticides, herbicides and fungicides. Although pesticides are vital to protect the crop and in like manner human wellness in the whole world, hardly due to their detrimental effects on natural ecosystems more(prenominal) deaths are ca substance ab consumption by the pesticide poisoning than pathogenic diseases. Hence, we should focus more on the short and long term harms of pesticides on the environment. Most of the pesticides are extremely toxic and entrust have contiguous adverse effects on human health and to a fault wildlife. anyhow that, pesticides which spray on the plant at groun d go awaying behindly contaminate the soil, water and air. The chronic consequences ca hire by pesticide including neurotoxic, carcinogenic, immu nonoxic, hormonal and generative effects. One of the lastly problematic pesticides is the insecticide dichlorodiphenlytrichoroethane as well as known as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane is the scientific name of DDT and the chemical formula is C14H9Cl5. DDT is manakin up by 14 carbon, 9 hydrogen and 5 atomic number 17 atoms (Figure 1).Figure 1. Molecular structure of DDT.In its nature form, DDT is crystalline powder with odorless to slightly fragrant in white color. The melting point is at 108.5C, and boiling point at 185C. DDT is highly insoluble in water but is soluble in roughly(prenominal) organic purposents. This molecule is lipophilic and partitions readily into the fat of all alert organisms. Biomagnification and bioaccumulation in the nourishment web make this molecule b ecome more oppose impact to the organisms. When the DDT break down the product will be 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD or TDE) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene)(DDE). These two compounds are actually also set everywhere in the environment and are more persistent than the resurrect compound (Ritter, Solomon, Forget, 1996).DDT is an organochlorine insecticide and is considered a persistent organic pollutant (POP) ( go Germany for PAN International, 2009). According to Turusov et al. (2002), in course of study 1874, DDT was first synthesized but until year 1943 its insecticidal properties just discovered and in 1943 freehanded-scale industrial production are started. DDT is contributed to worldwide use and widely accepted by volume because of its low price and potentness to control malaria and typhus during and immediately aft(prenominal) World War II. In order to control the agriculture and timber pests, much more DDT was used after 1945. About 400,000 haemorrhoid of DDTs were used yearly in this world at 1960s, and 70 80% was used for agriculture (Turusov et al., 2002). DDT is a persistent, widespread environmental contamination that causes significant anatomical, behavioral abnormalities and physiological in humans and also wildlife (Iwaniuk, et al., 2006). In January 1970, the first country Sweden had forbidden the use of DDT. In the same year, the power Union of Soviet Socialist Re humankinds (U.S.S.R) was prohibited all DDT and DDT-based products for use as pesticides because of their destruction and continuity effect by bioaccumulation and the carcinogenicity. The production and use of DDT in agriculture were criminalise too in 1981, but the use for humans health purposed was gloss over allowed. In year 1972, nearly uses of DDT were banned in some other countries. The use of DDT has been banned in 34 countries and severely certified in 34 other countries. Argentina, Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Finland, Hong Kong, Japan, Mozambique, Lebanon, Switzerland, Norway, and USA are the countries that have banned DDT. The countries that have severely restricted its use include Thailand, Israel, Panama, Kenya, Mexico, Belize, India, Ecuador and the EU (Ritter, Solomon, Forget, 1996).DDT is not very well toxic like most of the organochlorine insecticides, but this chemical is widely use and spread (Ritter, Solomon, Forget, 1996). In Turusov et al. (2001) study showed that the process of biodegradation of this chemical is very slow and it will persists for a long time in the environment. DDT will likely to accumulate in the food chain and in the tissues of alert organisms. When expose to DDT and digest it, this molecule will store in all the tissues, especially in fat. Bioaccumulation occurred by accumulate the DDT from minuscule concentration to high concentration in the food web. Due to it widespread, uncontrolled, and intensive use, this chemical has resulte d in worldwide pollution. In the body of all birds and seekes study in the study of Turusov et al. (2001), DDT residues are found even in those living in desert areas or in the depths of the oceans.Human are most likely to be exposed to DDT from the food they eat. close to all the meat, fish, and dairy products are contaminating with DDT. Hence, by eating, brea suppleg or touching the products which contaminated with DDT, this chemical will easily absorbed into our body. aft(prenominal) ingested, DDT will convert into several breakdown products called metabolites that included DDE and stored in the fatty tissues. For the pregnant women, DDT and DDE can be passed to the fetus by breast feeding (Centers for affection Control and Preventation, 2009). If human expose to high concentration of DDT, the symptoms like vomiting, tremors or shakiness, and seizures will occur. Besides that, DDT also considered a possible human carcinogen.Birds usually played a major role in creating aware ness of pollution problems. Birds are most probably believed to expose to DDT by ingestion (Enrlich, et al. 1988). The pesticide can be swallowing by the birds directly or the birds eat the contaminated prey. Besides that, they may also ingest pesticide residues off feathers while preening, or they may drink or bathe in contaminated water. When the birds expose to aerially spread DDT, the chemical will absorbed through the skin or inhaled into the body (Edwards, 2004). DDT and DDE are persistent as they tend to concentrate as they campaign through the food chain (Figure 2). In the marine communities, the contaminated planktons are eaten by lessened fishes, and then larger fishes will sweep away small fishes. DDTs are passing from a small concentration in planktons to bigger fish. DDT will store in the fatty acid of fishes, when fish-eating birds consume the fish, all the bio accumulated DDT will pass into the birds body. Most of the DDT from numerous fishes ends up in the body of fewer birds. Bioaccumulation of DDT in birds high on food chains occurs not only because there is usually reduced biomass at each graduation in those chains, but also because predatory birds tend to live a long time. DDT take in only a itsy-bitsy per day, but when they keep most of what they get and they live many long time (Deinlein, n.d.).Figure 2. Bioaccumulation of DDT.DDT with high concentration does not usually annihilate the bird outright. However, DDT and its relatives will alter the birds calcium metabolism in a way that results in thin eggshells (Edwards, 2004). Since the eggshells are too thin and are unable to support the weight of the embryo of bird, heavily DDT-infested Brown Pelicans and Bald Eagles tend to find omelets in their nests. DDT resulted in the decimation of the Brown Pelican populations in much of North America and the extermination the Peregrine Falcon in the eastern United States and southeastern Canada. Shell-thinning caused lesser declines in populations of Golden and Bald Eagles and White Pelicans, among others (Enrlich, et al. 1988). Fortunately, the scientists are able to material body out the cause of the breeding failures in time, and the use of DDT was banned almost completely in the US at 1972.The Arctic, charged absorbs also become one of the victims of DDT. Chemical pollutants are carried towards the Arctic Ocean by the great continental rivers of Russia and Canada. DDT that in the sea are wafted northward by the currents. Even the DDT molecule in the air will be carry by winds to the Arctic, where they condense in the cold and exit to the ground in snow or hail. The most direct and effective way to bring DDT that will cause an effect to polar bear and its offspring is biomagnification. DDTs are biomagnify as they move up the food chain from the small plankton to polar bear. As polar bear is the carnivores, it accumulates the most concentrated amounts of them. Before the hibernation, polar bear will consume large amount of fish to store as fat. DDT which accumulates in the fish will then store in the fatty tissues. When the polar bear start to use the fat during hibernation, DDT is being release and causes the death. In addition, DDT will also reduce the polar bear cogency to bread and lower their immune system ( opposite bears Walking on thin ice, 2006).The available epidemiologic and scientific data indicate that the presence and persistence of DDT and its metabolites worldwide are still problems of great relevance to public health. It has been debated at the United Nations Environment Program whether DDT should have been wholly banned together with 11 other persistent organic pollutants. However, the perfect ban of DDT was sharply criticized in South Africa. This is because, a temporal total ban on the use of DDT for indoor crop-dusting resulted in a sudden increase in malaria. Now, 11 countries in Africa, 7 in Asia, and 5 in Latin America still use DDT for vector disease contr ol (Turusov et al., 2002). There is a general consensus that limited and strictly controlled use of DDT should be allowed for public health purposes, in particular where other effective, safe, and affordable alternatives are not available, and the benefits are clearly far superior to possible risks. In conclusion, to solve the problem of DDT an efficient pesticides that do not have the negative properties of DDT and its metabolites should be sought with the goal of replacing DDT completely.ReferencesCenters for Disease Control and Preventation (CDC), (2009). Retrieved from http//www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/pdf/DDT_FactSheet.pdfDeinlein, M. (n.d.). Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center. When it comes to pesticides, birds are sitting ducks. Retrieved from http//nationalzoo.si.edu/scbi/migratorybirds/fact_sheets/fxsht8.pdfEdwards, J. G. (2004). DDT A case study in scientific fraud. Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons, 9, 3, 83-88.Ehrlich, P. R., Dobkin, D. S., Wheye, D. (1988). DDT and birds. Retrieved from https//web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/DDT_and_Birds.htmlIwaniuk, A. N., Koperski, D. T., Cheng, K. M., Elliott, J. E., Smith, L. K., , Wylie, D. R. W. (2006). The effects of environmental exposure to DDT on the brain of a songbird Changes in structures associated with mating and song. Behavioural BrainResearch, 173, 1-10.Polar bears Walking on thin ice. (2006). Retrieved from http//www.independent.co.uk/environment/polar-bears-walking-on-thin-ice-523207.htmlRitter, L., Solomon, K. R., Forget, J. (1996). Persistent organic pollutants. Retrieved from http//www.chem.unep.ch/pops/ritter/en/ritteren.pdfTurusov, V., Rakitsky, V. Tomatis, L. (2002). DIchlorodiphenytrichloroethane (DDT) Ubiquity, persistence, and risks. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110, 2, 125-128.

Online Shopping Software Systems Information Technology Essay

Online Shopping softw be system arrangings nurture engineering science EssayNowa twenty-four hourss e rattlingone is busy with their works they dont go for oft sequence to do obtain in the (busy) openhanded super markets. In the inserts we have to search in the each shelf to find our fruit so it takes more time and no guarantee of every production avail fitting in every store. Moreover, weather conditions be too self-aggrandising so we rotternot calculate our required products. Payment is to a fault a big problem beca expend we should stand in the queue for payment. Stores are not ceaselessly opened (24/7).Why It Has Come To solve supra mentioned problems, we can use Online Shopping method. For guests it is not only because of the high level of convenience, but also because of the broader selection competitive pricing and greater access to information.For organizations it increases their node observe and the structure of sustain adequate to(p) capabilities, nex t to the increased profits. One advantage of shop online is beingness able to quickly seek aside deals for items or function with m any(prenominal) different vendors (though somelocal search engines do exist to benefactor consumers locate products for sale in nearby stores). Search engines, online expense comparison servicesanddiscovery obtainengines can be utilise to look up sellers of a particular product or service.A majority of consumers choose online shopping for a faster and more cost-efficient shopping experience. Many researchers notify that the uniqueness of the web has dissolved and the pack for the design, which allow be user centered, is very important.Companies should always remember that at that place are certain things, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as understanding the customers wants and unavoidably, living up to promises, never go out of style, because they give reason to come back. Online stores moldiness describe products for sale with text, photos, a nd multimedia files, whereas in a physical retail store, the actual product and the manufacturers packaging will be available for orchestrate inspection (which might involve a tryout drive, fitting, or another(prenominal) experimentation).Some online stores provide or link to supplemental product information, such as instructions, safety procedures, demonstrations, or manufacturer specifications. Some provide mount information, advice, or how-to guides designed to help consumers decide which product to spoil. Some stores recognise up allow customers to comment or rate their itemsCurrent go steady unavoidablenessResponsibilities/ Current PositionWe are answerable to create an Online Shopping software program form for our invitee electron tube Super Stores. The main idea of onlineshoppingis not just in having a good lookingwebsitethat could be listed in a lot of search engines or the art stinkpot the site.Its not only just about disseminating information, because it is also about building descents and making money. placements that want to keep their customers or draw new ones should quiz to get rid of all mistakes and be more appealing to be more desirable for online shoppers.2. leap out ObjectivesThe main objective behind the working class is to change thermionic vacuum tube superstore to expand their business by enabling customers to buy their products online via a safe and secured online payment method. This will help Metro superstore to get in more customers and increase their market. Also, Metro superstore will be able to sacrifice it efficient and convenient for its customers to purchase products and review them. Customers can avail many offers on products online and make their payment with the click of a button. Times are changing and it is becoming increasingly difficult for customers to find time to hollo a shopping mall and go done a astray range of products. The online shopping cart system will make it easier for the custo mer to browse through this wide range of products and also compare them with convertible products in the market. The escort will also aim at receiving and consequently analyzing the feedback obtained from the customers to help maintain or uplift the step of products and to build a better service for the customers. Metro superstore will aim to thus gain market monopoly and attract a wider range of customers. It will also enable Metro superstore to build a relationship with international customers from around the world.The externalize aims at bridging the gap between Metro superstore and its customers. Customers will be able to purchase their desired products online from the comfort of their homes without having to go through the trouble of visit the store physically. The customers will be able to create their account, browse through the products and add them to their virtual shopping cart. They can then check out having the options to pay online via safe and secured online trans action or pay as cash in on behavey of the products.An additional objective of this redact is to make Metro super-stores products available to customers 247 online. The online website will also contain all the products instructions, safety procedures, demonstrations, or manufacturer specifications and how-to guides. Customers will be able to post reviews after they have used the product which will enable other potential buyers to make decisions. Thus, the most crucial objective of this syllabus is users convenience.3. view Scope3.1 forcing out BriefThe protrusion involves eight technical people working together, including a project manager. This compute has been handled by eight members and it is a big project, which is modularized into vitiated parts and assigned to each member of the project. Moreover because of this, the project has been managed very well by the project manager. We are going to work for foursome months to develop an online-shopping for breathing super stores called METRO. The main aim of the project is to deliver the bundle for online shopping with in the elapsed time.Metro initially contacted our software product product solutions with their requirements and their need in having a website for their superstore. The website should give the information about the products and can facilitate the online shopping. The basic requirements of the website has been clearly mentioned by them so, that no future faults or misunderstandings. They also showed us the survey they conducted in the store from their customers. This survey proves that superstore needs an online shopping facility to their customers. It also states online shopping is the only alternative method to help customers in busy queues, parking area, shopping time and especial(a) range of products available only in online. Based on the above things we agreed to make a website for the metro super stores.3.2 watch approachdeliverables This project delivers a user-friendly sof tware (or) flat form for online shopping to the METRO superstore. The software provides a website having all the facilities for the customers starting from price enquiries, offers, approachability of stock, whole tone, store details, contacts and ordering the goods.3.3 Exclusions.Every project has its boundaries and it can only delivers outcomes and specifications inwardly that boundary. The exclusions in our project are delivery department, managing the software after name time (6 months) and except upgrading (or) developing new products.Delivery department Delivering the goods in time and enquiries about the delivery will not be financial support by the project team. All the shipping and delivery process is being deal by the super store.Managing the software after confines time The project team will not be dealing with the software term time. Though it gives an assurance of guarantee for lifelong but managing the website is alone controlled by the superstore prudence. We will be taking care of the site for the term time which is 6 months duration. In this period we will be statement and sorting out any minor problems for the super store staff.Upgrading the software Upgrading the software and developing the new products is personally responsible by the superstore. The buoy up software solutions will not be supporting any further upgrades for the website as a commitment of this project.The above products have been clearly mentioned that they will not include as a part in the project and which is solely agreed by the management of the super store.4. Project DeliverablesThe products of the project will beManagement QualityM1 Project BriefM2 Project Initiation DocumentM3 Highlight motifsM4 End of Project Report avocationB1 Communications castB2 Questionnaire (to support information gathering ensure consistency)B3 Report for Project identity card on current requirements/arrangements, and areas identified for further investigation/potential c hangeB4 Report for Executive Board with recommendations for changeB5 instruction execution proposalsActual Product of the projectAn user-friendly Online Shopping Software carcassThe major deliverables are broken down in the project plan into smaller deliverables and activities.User documentationUser training5. Project Organization5.1 Project BoardProject SponsorMetro Super stores of age(p) Responsible proprietorVishal SharmaProject Management BoardJohnson- ExecutiveSrikanth NairRohit SinghSuresh scratchSundar Raghavan5.2 Project police squadProject autobusPrasnnaa NachimuthuProject Team MembersAbid Ali BaigHari VommiKalyan KondapallyMahitha KolliRakesh ThatiparthyRonak MuchhalaVijay Chekuri5.3 The Project Organization StructureCommunication and Engagement teamPolicy TeamTechnical and procurement teamLegal TeamProject BoardProject passenger vehiclePrasnnaa NachimuthuProject SROVishal Sharma5.4 Roles and ResponsibilitiesProject BoardApprove Project Initiation Document, compone nt plans and any subsequent changesEnsure the business field remains sound throughout the projectProvide direction and catch prioritiesCommit resources and resolve conflictsApprove initiation and completion of stagesResponsibility for quality of deliverables/end-productsSenior Responsible OfficerResponsible for ensuring that the project meets its objectives and delivers the projected benefitsOwner of the business changes, which will flow from the projects recommendations.Project ManagerResponsible for providing support to Project Board and Team, monitoring progress and resource usage, maintaining project plan, establishing and in operation(p) arrangements for document version control, establishing and operating arrangements for handling project issues, and maintaining the Quality Log.Project Team MembersThe Project Team, together with the Project Manager, will be responsible for researching and developing the business products of the projectTo provide skills across work packages as required6. Communication PlanCommunicationPurposeAudience informantMode Of CommunicationFrequencymonthly status report to project sponsorTo keep project sponsor informed of the projects progress and observe upcoming activitiesProject sponsorExecutiveCommitteeProjectManagerEmailPosting on project websiteVideo conferenceMonthlyWeekly schedule metricsMonitor and report progress on scheduled tasks. Troubleshoot problem areas and solve issues as appropriate.Project managementOthers, as appropriateProject ManagerEmailPosting on website conference meetingsWeeklyProject team calendarKeep project participants aware(predicate) of key project dates and to help them manage their schedules. Maintain training calendars.Project management teamProjectCoordinatorPost in project folders in IntranetDaily7. Quality PlanThe Software Product must includes the undermentioned qualitiesGood replete product The product is good enough which enables the Metro Super store to solve all critical problems w hich they encountered. The product should able to solve 70 to 80 % of the most common customer needs. damage The cost of the software product is reasonable that comes under the budget of the client and meets the quality and standards which the client expects.Easy to implement The product is simple enough which makes Metro Super store to implement it easily without facing any problem. The product can be installed in several minutes sort of of taking hours for installation.Association of steady users Staff of Metro Super store contributes their time to sort our product, report about the error if they find any, point us for new features and develop new product working(a)ity.Standard Technology The product should utilize the technologies which are widely in use such as Java, AJAX.Upgrades The product will be updated time to time which gain the clients ton use our product more often and in an interactional manner.Scalability The product has the ability to handle the large amount of work. It can help to increase the work. properness It indicates the correctness of algorithm which the product includes.Deficiency of bugs The product does not include any bug and produce the accurate matter or output to the client.Fault Tolerance Continue to operate mighty even if some of its component does not work.Extensibility Ability to extend the work. point of reference can be done in 2 waysModifying the existing functionality.Adding new functionality to the existing functionality.Maintainability It refers to the maintenance of the product in order toCorrect the defects. coming upon the new requirements.Endure related to the change in environmentResponsible for the Quality of the productProject Manager is responsible for the quality of the product. He must make sure that the product meets all requirements which are specified by the client and the standards are met.Acceptance CriteriaProject Manager is responsible in identifying the acceptance criteria.Acceptance is defin ed as acquiring the acknowledgement from the client that the product which is delivered to them meets all the requirements according to their specification.MilestonesList the project milestones and deliverables for which customer acceptance will be soughtMilestoneDeliverableNameDescriptionNameDescriptionOnlineShopping Software SystemImplementing the project management software package on new hardware .Providing access to the internetSoftware Package installedImplementation of General ledger (GL), Accounts Payable (AP) and Accounts Receivable (AR) softwareAcceptance Milestones TableCriteriaIdentify the criteria and standards to be met to achieve final customer acceptance for each deliverable.DeliverableCriteriaStandardsSoftware Package installedSystem functionality GL runninged installed AP experimented installed AR tested installed System cognitive process System up-time System response-time information transferredSystem functionality GL operational with no errors AP opera tional with no errors AR operational with no errors System carry outance 99.9% system uptime Acceptance Criteria Table8. Project PlanNumberTasks resourceStart DateEnd DateDurationMilestone1InitiationEveryone06/09/201025/09/201020 long time1.1Collect project ideasPrasnnaa06/09/201007/09/20102 years1.2Prioritize project ideasPrasnnaa08/09/201009/09/20102 twenty-four hourss1.3Gather customer requirementsPrasnnaa10/09/201010/09/20101 twenty-four hours1.4Submit the request and get approval for the proposalPrasnnaa11/09/201013/09/20103 old ageYes1.5 go down the requirement documentRakesh13/09/201018/09/20106 days1.6Meeting for project kickoffEveryone19/09/201021/09/20102 days1.7 precis project planRakesh22/09/201023/09/20102 days1.8 cast resources to project plan tasksPrasnnaa24/09/201025/09/20102 days2AnalysisKalyan, Mahitha26/09/201005/10/201010 days2.1Create entity relationship diagramKalyan26/09/201028/09/20103 days2.2Create Data Flow DiagramMahitha29/09/201030/09/20102 days2.3 draw entropy dictionaryKalyan01/10/201002/10/20102 days2.4Perform object-oriented analysisMahitha03/10/201005/10/20103 days3 aspirationRakesh, Vijay, Hari06/10/201027/10/201022 days3.1 visualise data modelRakesh06/10/201009/10/20104 days3.2 import functional specificationsVijay10/10/201011/10/20102 days3.3Design storyboards and/or prototypesRakesh, Vijay12/10/201012/10/20101 day3.4 drop a line detailed design specificationsRakesh, Vijay13/10/201015/10/20103 days3.5Write documentation planVijay16/10/201017/10/20102 days3.6Write beta test planHari18/10/201019/10/20102 days3.7Write SQA test planHari20/10/201020/10/20101 day3.8Write SQA test casesHari21/10/201021/10/20101 day3.9Write customer support planRakesh22/10/201023/10/20102 days3.10Write training planHari24/10/201025/10/20102 days3.11Write risk management planVijay26/10/201027/10/20102 days4DevelopmentRonak, Ali28/10/201026/11/201030 days4.1Code finishing componentsRonak28/10/201006/11/201010 days4.2Unit testAli07/11/201010/1 1/20104 days4.3Integration testAli11/11/201014/11/20104 days4.4Write documentationRonak, Ali15/11/201021/11/20107 days4.5Write training coursewareRonak22/11/201026/11/20105 days5Software Quality Assurance (SQA)Hari, Ali27/11/201011/12/201015 days5.1System testHari27/11/201001/12/20105 days5.2 bob defectsAli02/12/201005/12/20104 days5.3Regression testHari, Ali06/12/201011/12/20106 days6Manage Release and ChangePrasnnaa, Ronak12/12/201016/12/20105 days6.1Configuration managementPrasnnaa12/12/201013/12/20102 days6.2 revolutionary full releasesRonak14/12/201014/12/20101 day6.3Maintenance releasesRonak15/12/201015/12/20101 day6.4Defect and enhancement trackingPrasnnaa16/12/201016/12/20101 day7ImplementationEveryone17/12/201005/01/201120 days7.1Implement the website in beta test systemAli, Rakesh17/12/201018/12/20102 days7.2Conduct beta testsHari19/12/201020/12/20102 days7.3Track defects and report to customer supportRonak, Vijay21/12/201021/12/20101 day7.4Gather requirements for customiz ationsPrasnnaa22/12/201023/12/20102 days7.5Analysis (gap between customizations)Mahitha24/12/201025/12/20102 days7.6DesignKalyan26/12/201027/12/20102 days7.7Implement the customized websiteAli28/12/201028/12/20101 day7.8Unit test adaptationsRakesh29/12/201030/12/20102 days7.9Integration test (Implementation)Hari31/12/201001/01/20112 days7.10Execute customer acceptance test procedureKalyan02/01/201103/01/20112 days7.11Cutover testing to productionEveryone04/01/201105/01/20112 daysYes

The Development of Complex Societies

The Development of analyzable SocietiesIntroductionThe development of complex societies differs from former(a) societies, non only in the number of differentiated societal lots, yet w here(predicate)as in simpler societies that are basically self-regulating, in decision-making functions of its societal comp cardinalnts of which these are not customaryized and constant. The term order just contains an internally specialised decision-making sub placement. This subsystem or bureaucracy has the power to broadcast certain resources that are not totally embedded within the motley societal comp angiotensin-converting enzyments. In this essay I direct tried to carriage at the reason behind the climb on of complex societies, using material four different ancient societies that of Mesopotamia, China, The Indus Valley and Egypt in and broken complicate each(prenominal) situate in turn to help define the manageable reason for each.Ancient Mesopotamia sectionIn Mesopotamia clos e to 4600 to 3400 millennia B.C. which incorporated the latish Ubaid cessation and into the core center Uruk period, a relatively complex policy-making formations had emerged at various different times and places. By the end of the Ubaid period, around the slow 5th millennia B.C., three- aim firmness hierarchies with indications of two levels of political and economic check in south western Iran and probably elsewhere (W safe 1994) was present. By astir(predicate) 4000 B.C., the earlier Uruk formations had emerged along the irrigated component parts of the Lower Mesopotamia, the Euphrates-Tigris river system.Evidence from come outs suggest a four level colony hierarchy, with three levels of political picture, this suggests a simulate not feasible without internal administrative specialisation, typical of states. At this point due to the inadequacy of unexcavated Early Uruk sites, there is no induction from the architecture of public buildings or administrative tec hnology such as seals or sealings to indicate the control apparatus. Geographically major sums show up to be both closely and e very bit dislocated, without however showing a understandably dominant or hierarch boil down.In contrast to this, in the dry-farmed speeding Mesopotamia during the same period settlement physiques and arte-factual evidence suggests different aspects of emergent complexity. In the north eastern arrogate of Iraq recent analysis done by Rotham (2002) presents evidence of both home(prenominal) and public buildings. From the miserable centre of Tepe Gawra, seals and sealings showing increase hierarchy in the production of deceitfulnesss and exchanges as well as showing period of conflict.ongoing research in the aboriginal portion of Upper Mesopotamia indicates centres like enunciate Brak had existed at the same time and appears withal to have had specialised administrative buildings. Research only shows at this point three levels of hierarchy. T he collective info notify suggest that different elements of state organisation were present in different demesnes early in the Uruk period. From the Middle Uruk period, evidence points to a substantial Uruk state with internally specialised control apparatus which is present in many parts of immenseer Mesopotamia (Johnson 1987 Wright 1998).The effect of the Mesopotamian refining can be seen in the unique ecological and geographical framework of the alluvial lowlands of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers around the late 5th and 4th Millennia B.C. The ecology framework gives the emerging Mesopotamian societies grand advantages in agricultural productivity and subsistence this is not seen by contemporary polities at the periphery the geographical framework presents the Mesopotamian societies with sustainable deportationation advantages. These two factors created opportunities for emerging Mesopotamian elites who could use heap as an important tool for legitimate control of po wer and expansion resulting in unequal share of resources.In forming a hypothesis for the createing socio-economic differentiation and urban growing giving rise to complex societies in Mesopotamia in the 4th Millennia B.C. modelling trade pattern maturation can provide us with some answers.Trade would have been at first largely internal, focussing on individual gray polities that exploited localised ecological gamey niches during the Late Ubaid and Early Uruk period. Middle to Late Uruk periods shows a much stronger pattern of external trade mingled with the growing southerly cities and the societies at their periphery. Again those in control of more than converted resources gained more prominence. Over time a import-substitution act whence amplified the one-sided evolutionary impact on the southern societies and shifting trade patterns.Mesopotamia shows gradualist evolutionary perspective, showing clear lines of continuity and change in presenting the affection feature of the rise of complex societies of the Sumerian civilisation. A steady state or evenly paced change is nor seen. Both their long histories for their system of writing and temple complexes are salient comparative points. Social complexity is seen by a gradual growing of settlement hierarchy indicative of a growing administrative structure and cumulative change in craft specialisation.Ancient China SectionEarly gardening, building foundations and burials have been record in China dating back to around seventh Millennia B.C. belong to the Peiligang culture, yet it is not until the first half of the 2nd Millennia B.C. that there is evidence for the first cities from the Shang civilisation.Though there is no noteworthy visible prompting above ground of the Shang cities, city sites can be portrayed of areas around 30 and 40 km2, with foundation ruins of clusters of buildings of various sorts. The clusters would have been densest around the centre, become sparser with greater di stances between one other as they moved out-of-door towards the periphery.The clusters probably performed special functions and only this entire web of clusters formed a functional whole. The term web works well, as the clusters of buildings formed the nodules the camouflaged lines, served as complementary relationships that interconnected the nodules with one another and the centre as a whole.An-yang and Hsiao-tun are two very important sites showing clusters of buildings each laid out in a recognisable plan. At Hsiao-tun although the general architecture is unimpressive, the houses are surrounded by sacrificial burials of humans and ply chariots, storage pits and bone archives of the royal oracle records this evidence suggests a palace, ancestral hall and ceremonial area of the house of the Shang dynasty (Shih 1959).Other body of villages or hamlets of various sizes and sorts often within site of one another are also present. The An-yang web of individual nodular components with Hsiao-tun at its nerve centre projects am image of a single community, an urban settlement with many spate with specialised segments all representing the Shang capital.The location of a central city may have been looked upon for a limited period as geomantically favourable. The movement of one site to another dictated by divination. formerly the capital was moved away whatever was left behind was then transformed into estate fields.What was important was the city, not the site it sat upon. sweat from site to site was at the kings prerogative, with layout and structuring initiationed to serve him as the centre of attention. The first cities were developed to serve a number of functions all associated to the government issue of a ruler who possessed extraordinary political powers.Central features such as kingship are vital to our understanding of kind complexity in northern China. The king presided over a hierarchy of economy, government and religion with himself at the top and centre. The central city was an effective mechanism at exerting political control over all the other settlements. Cities and towns can be seen as lineages at local levels, each vertically organised finished the state. The elites hold on the lower classes would have been total, one that was sanctioned by fiction and enforced by might.The transition from the Neolithic Lungshan culture to the Shang civilisation presents a quantum leap in the quality of life for the elite, there is however no obvious change in the technology of food production. It is capability that the Shang use fertilizers or had more effective measures of irrigation. There is evidence of more effective cultivation methods that of the tilling of land by team, the so-called hsieh tien, a phrase often seen in the oracle records (Amano 1959).This can lead to a conclusion that during the Shang period there was the achievementful organisation of large-scale exploitation of a large group of people by a small group of people from within the same society. This can also be seen as the beginning of an oppressive governmental system. This urban rotation was not base on technology or power of production but on reaps of human toil.Clearly two factors not of significance here like in other archaic states are massive changes in the environment and large-scale waterworks. The success of affable complexity is derived from a revolution of social systems, which in turn re-aligned societal segments in regards to food resources mate with advances in new weaponry, in particular the horse chariot used an effective tool for any necessary oppressive measures in the emergence of a great civilisation.Ancient Indus societyThe Urban Phase of the Indus or Harappan civilisation is beginning to be recognised in its own right as a unique complex society. The roots of sedentism and the village farming community can be dated back to around the 7th Millennia B.C. or even earlier. Set in the central Indus Valley o n the Kachi Plain at a site called Mehrgarh, the Indus urban revolution that was to descend is seen as being thoroughly Indianized, being structured by environment, ecology and architecture.Whilst other states in the archaic period emerged from a long, slow period of gradual and constant culture modification, that eventually led to an emerging pattern of urbanization and social complexity the Harappan civilisation seems to have come about in a very short period of transformation, something in the region of 100-150 years.The Pre-Urban and Urban Phase of the Indus civilisation focuses on two things items related to subsistence and the grimace of style. There is clear signs of social stratification, craft and career specialisation, writing and urbanisation in the urban soma, which are all absent in the pre-urban phase. Great change is also seen in the urban phase with a significant increase in sites, followed by a gap in settlement size. Three major sites come to grow all evenly sp aced within the Harappan domain Mohenjo-daro, Ganweriwala and Harappa. Evidence indicates two tiers of Harappan settlement, with regional centres or capitals growing in the urban phase.Most evident during the Urban Phase in many Harappan cities and towns is the clear demarcation of public versus private space. The citadel appears at a number of sites and is set apart from actual living space, whereas attainable granaries or warehouses are within public spaces suggesting controlled forms of redistribution. Social differentiation is clearly seen in elite and lower class housing within cities. sure-fire social complexity in the Mature Harappan presents itself by means of clear signs of social stratification, craft specialism (which was realized in some cities within precise districts), and sophisticated engineering and technology development and maintenance, which is indicative of the growth of polite institutions. Smaller settlements were integrated with the great urban centres . There is evidence for intensification of agriculture which concentrated on barley and wheat. Long distance trade networks were established to the east and west alongside internal commerce. Trade was advanced by the use of the wheel (the bullock cart), and that of the boat, with extensive maritime trading at outposts such as Lothal and Bakalot. Shallow harbours which were located at the estuary of rivers that opened into the sea promoted brisk trade with states like that of Mesopotamia.Social complexity is also increasing evident seen through the rise of literacy and social classes, these are two critical axes on which an evaluation of the growth of the Harappan civilisation can proceed (Possehl, 273, 1990). The growth of writing plays a critical agency in the Indus as it had in Mesopotamia.Whilst trade and intense economic processes played a revolutionary role in the success of social complexity in the Harappan civilisation, there is one more institutional setting as referred to by Possehl (1990 277) that is vital to the success of social complexity in the Indus, it is of the organisation of human ideology. The belief systems of what tec Robert Redfield had referred to as the Great Tradition, in describing a way of life as a vehicle that enables those who share it to identify with one another as members of a common civilisation (Redfield, 1953, 64). Redfield goes on further to explain in regards to the state that the transformation of folk-society into civilisation through the appearance of development of the thinking of reform by deliberate intention or by design (Redfield, 1953, 113). An important aspect to the growth of the Indus region was in its organisational aspects. The Urban phase of the Harappan civilisation was able to form strong temporary alliances from the surrounding area based on a unique human ideology. This belief system enabled the Harappan civilisation to sustain a successful way of life passim the Indus region.Operatives like trade, ideology and other institutional settings become centres of action that can promote social complexity and interconnect processes of change they can in turn be changed by their own socio-cultural environment.Ancient Egypt SocietyEgypts write up is complex, by the mid 5th Millennia B.C. it appears to be occupied by communities of people living in small functionally similar agricultural communities which appear to be only weakly connected politically and economically. But by around 2500 B.C. Egypt had become an integrated empire whose rulers power was expressed through a complex hierarchical bureaucracy.Egypts early settlements were concentrated along the small dynamic make all-inclusiveplain of the Nile. The Nile flowage levels were properly determents of Egypts cultural history. However this flood plain offered the same approximate natural resources for the whole of Egypts developing complexity, and therefore patterns of cultural change cannot be simply explained in terms of the flood variations of the Nile. untaught intensification along the Nile would have it own geometric limits and it wasnt until a full conversion to an agrarian society making use of wheat and barley, and domesticated sheep and goats that were introduced from probably south west Asia that changes took place. These changes have been documented in one of the most important areas of the time that of the Fayyum.Egypt Origins of Complex SocietiesHierakonpolis is an extremely important site as it contains the complete Badarian-Amratian-Gerzean sequence. Settled around the 4th Millennia B.C., it is believed the fast growth of the community was due to the ecological diversity and the exceptional agricultural potential of the region. A massive population explosion occurred around 3800 to 3400 B.C. Its economy was based on both technology (a major pottery producer for Upper Egypt) and productive cereal agriculture along with the exploitation of livestock. From its size and rich content of some tombs the economy operated in the context of significant social ranking (Hoffman 182). By 3200 B.C. there is evidence for cobblestone foundations that support a surmise of a fortified palace, temple or administrative centre and Hoffman et al have concluded that Hierakonpolis had become the capital of a southern Egyptian state. The development of the Egyptian civilisation can be seen as an essentially internal and uninterrupted process, with Hierakonpolis lying at the centre. The Narmer Palette and other important finds at Hierakonpolis clearly suggest a centralised and severalize society.Maadi dated to around 3650 B.C. is another important site. It shows pottery style connections to Syro-Palestine and that of great Mesopotamia. Burials show sufficient diversity in contexts to reflect differences in shape and emerging social ranking. Its site plans, finds and other evidence point to an organised society that controlled commodity production and exchange, alongside evidence for su bstantial bullshit smelting and working.Developing complexity in Pre-dynastic Egypt is seen in a shift with developmental focus now from the south to the north. The Delta was believed to be the critical region in the later Pre-dynastic as the main channel of foreign influence into Egypt and also overland trade routes. Trigger et al (1984) notes that the important changes that took place in Predynastic Egypt were the evolution of ritual systems and the expanded lines of political authority transformations. These changes are though having a dramatic impact may fail to survive in the archeological record.Many scholars such as Schulman or Wilding challenge the theory that a military conquest by southern rulers unified the Egyptian state as the Narmer Palette commemorates. It is now thought that the unification process occurred around 3100 B.C. and was formed successfully on a complex hierarchical social and political institution which was supported by a powerful economy with major inte rests in international commerce and politics.The success of Egypt lies in its centralisation of its early political systems, despite it being the least urbanised. Agricultural productivity was still closely dependent on the Nile flood Levels but the socio-political evolution was a complex interweaving web, incorporating ecological uniformity and it exploited the transport potential of the Nile effectively.Old Kingdom settlement patterns play an important part to the understanding of emerging social complexity it can be seen as the disintegration of central authority and the rise of semi autonomous families in the provinces (Kemp 101). By the Late Old Kingdom control of local personal matters once controlled by the Pharaohs overseer now began to come from provincial governors or monarchs. There can be seen a slow but unceasing expansion and diversity of society with provincial administrative institutions helping to grow its complexity.The cultural history of Egypt cannot simply be explained in ecological or economic terms, these do play an import part, what is deeply rooted in Egypts success is its rise in Ideology. The Idea of divine kingship, where the whole structure of both state religious and political institutions are all derived from the very notion that the Pharaohs authority and so the states was divine in origin.ConclusionThe emergence of complex societies is an enduring focus for archaeologists. Identifying when and under what circumstances a political transformation has occurred combined with in some cases evaluating competing ideas explaining the origins of states themselves. Research itself has proven difficult, in part because the process is not easy to understand with limited archaeological evidence, but also as it is not a unitary and rapid process.

Functional Areas of Organization

operative Areas of OrganizationINTRODUCTIONOrganisations argon built about a group of economic consumptions, each of which fork overs support for the operations of the business. Functional plane sections each serve a specific purpose with an musical ar arrangement to get through its objectives. The most joint functional areas of an organisation discussed below. Information need is an mortal or groups desire to locate and obtain education to satisfy a conscious or unconscious need. The information and need in information need are inseparable interconnection. Information needs are link to, but distinct from information compulsions. An example is that a need is hunger, the requirement is food. In large organizations, each of the functional discussion sections may be separate, whereas smaller organizations may have integrated departments. Different functional areas of an organization areSalesPurchaseManufacturingMarketing payHuman resource regimeComparison ContrastingSales The sales team deal with customers and vex orders. The technioques used to generate sales varies between organisation,but some of the most common are teleph sensation,door-to-door sales,advertising,and direct sales through representatives.PurchaseThe purchasing department is liable for monitoring how many outputs or stock is required at any one time and buying accordingly.ManufacturingDepending on the type of organisation, one of the functional departments may be manufacturing, who would deal with all of the processing of product good.MarketingThe marketing department advertise and promote the products or returns of the organisation. In some case, it may be integrated with the sales function.FinanceThe primary function of the finance department is to ensure that there is pecuniary stability within an organisation and a steady cash advert to support day-to-day transactions.Human resourceThe role of human resources is to provide support to the employees of an organisation. The primary function is to ensure the welfare of staff, by adult advice, guidance and motivation to enable them to work productively.AdministrationThe administration function is integral to almost all organisations. Administrative staff works in all departments within organisations.Purchase The purchasing department may in any case be responsible for buying in consumable products, such as stationery, to support the other functional departments within the organisation.Sales the sales department may also provide supporting functions to other departments, particularly if the organisation does not have a dedeicated marketing or customer service department.Manufacturing Large national or multi-national organisations offering a diverse range of products or services would certainly need a manufacturing department to lead product developments.Marketing The marketing department will be voluminous in the few activities. Such as designing developing promotional materials, organising marketin g events, likely launches and campaigns. Developing websitesFinance The finance department is responsible for payment and transaction, investments, accounting procedures, budges and forecastingHuman resource Human resource departments are also responsible for overseeing the recruitment of staff and the payroll as well as resignations and redundancies.Administration Organising meetings, taking minutes, audio and touch type and letter writing are some of the day to day tasks an locating administrator undertakes.

Journey of the Magi :: Literary Analysis, T.S Eliot

Journey of the Magi is a poetry by T.S Eliot extracted from the Ariel poems and make in 1930. It is a dramatic soliloquy of one of the Magi telling us nearly his expedition without Palestine to find the Christian the Nazarene Jesus Christ. Through the narrators dramatic monologue, Eliot treats the send offing of reality, commonly distorted by the human mind. In the poem, the travelers witness something that changes their reality forever. How does this monologue illustrate the narrators envision of his experience traveling through Palestine? In order to analyze the narrators intelligence of his past journey, I will precede with the study of Eliots poem by a linear analysis.In his dramatic monologue, Eliot uses vivid intellect of the trey Kings journey by the use of imagery. The different use of exposit guides the reader to use his imagination about a Biblical recognition of more than 2,000 years ago. The narrator starts his story by describing the climate challenges en countered A cold coming we had of it. He uses the diction of winter cold, winter, snow, cartel visual and tactile senses for the reader to experience the difficulties faced by the one-third wise men. The narrator is generally real negative about what he encounters during his trip. He uses pejorative vocabulary in order describes the season notwithstanding the worst time of the year. (v.2) deep and sharp weather (v.4) the very dead of winter (v.5). Not only the Three Kings seem to be tired and upset about their adventure, but their camels as well. They were lying great deal in the melting snow (v.7) galled, sore-footed and refractory. The role of this enumeration is to insist on the animals physical fatigue and also to demo that both human and animals were affected by the weather conditions.In the mo half of the first stanza, the narrator describes summer in the different cities he and the other kings traveled. By taking track of the seasons, the Magi inform the reader about the length of his Palestine journey. The transition from winter to summer setting is smoothly made by the verse There were times we regretted. (v.8), which exemplifies the Magis envision of his experience. The challenges of the trip were so great and unexpected that most of the times tempted the three Kings to give up on their mission in finding the Messiah. The Magi depicts palaces, terraces, sherbet (a central Asias sorbet) and silken girls to help the reader visualize the places he passed by.

The Policy of Appeasement Essay -- Analysis, Neville Chamberlain

This leaven analyses the province of Neville Chamberlain and his highly controversial Appeasement theory which hypothetically prevented the outbreak of the aid World War. The policy of Appeasement epitomised by the Munich agreement, is a pact sign-language(a) in 1938 between Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Italy, which allowed Hitler to annex Czechoslovakias Sudetenland (area on Czech borders) to prevent the onset of a major war. Appeasement has been drastically criticised since it ended in a humiliating failure when Germany attacked Poland in 1939 (McDonough, 2002). This essay also evaluates two significant appraisals of the Munich agreement, described in McDonoughs (2002) unadulterated book a primary, which asserts that it was an utterly unwholesome policy of despicable resignation and a second, instigated by the revisionist historians exemplified by Taylors (1963) controversial book which comprehends it as an elaborated policy enabling Chamberlain to prevent an i mminent war period he was opportunely preparing for it (McDonough, 2002). This essay concurrently criticises and evaluates these assessments of Chamberlains contentious acts, since distributively of them imply one consequent solution which could have impeded the unawares onset of the war. Two core solutions are and so criticised below first that Chamberlain should have initially constrained Hitlers desire for Lebensraum German desire to enlarge their living space and second, that Chamberlain should have maintained his calming policy (McDonough, 2002).Since Trevor-Roper (1961) and Bullock (1998) (both cited in McDonough, 2002) assert in their analytical and complete(a) books that confronting Hitler earlier could have avoided war, the appeasement th... ...reak of the second world war depends therefore on whether Hitler had the genuine intention to conquer the world (Hitlocentric interpretation) or was simply a master of opportunism (Revisionist historians). Whereas some argue that appeasement and the Munich agreement caused the outset of the war, Revisionist historians assert that the radical change of policy which occurred aft(prenominal) the invasion of Poland was a great opportunity that Hitler did not hesitate to seize. This paygrade is therefore more ideological than empirical since the lack of convincing present impede historians to reach a consensus. However, blaming Chamberlain for the beginning of the war is unreasonable since he did not have access to the information we have interpretation of the pas could be influenced by the moral judgements some would have when examining Hitlers actions (Taylor, 1963).

Re-Identifying God in Experience Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Rel

Re-Identifying god in ExperienceABSTRACT If an maintain start of God can constitute evidence for Gods existence, then it moldiness be possible for God to be a perceptual particular, that is, a substantive, enduring intent of perception. Furthermore, if several such experiences ar to be cumulative evidence for Gods existence, then it essential be possible to reidentify God from experience to experience. I testify both(prenominal) a conceptual and an epistemological argument against these possibilities that is derived from the work of Richard Gale. I signal that neither of these arguments is successful. For God to be a perceptual particular, he must have an inner life for God to be reidentified across experiences, he need not exist in dimensions analogous to the spatiotemporal. If an alleged experience of God is to provide evidence for Gods existence, it must be possible for God to be a perceptual particular a substantive, enduring object of perception. If several such experi ences are to be cumulative evidence for Gods existence, it must be possible to re-identify God from experience to experience. I want to examine arguments against each of these possibilities. These arguments are, respectively, a conceptual and an epistemological argument embedded in the writings of Richard Gale.(1)On Gales conceptual argument, for us to have a tenacious concept of an object, O, as a perceptual particular (1) We must receive what it means for O to exist when not perceived. (2) O must be able to be the common object of different experiences, and (3) We must be able to understand the distinction between numerical and qualitative identicalness with regard to O.We need these requirements to distinguish perceptual from phenomenal p... ...1) Richard Gale, On the nature and Existence of God (Cambridge University Press), pp. 326-343, and Richard Gale, Why Alstons Mystical Doxastic Practice is Subjective, Philosophy and Phenomenological interrogation 54 (1994), 869-875.( 2) Why Alstons, p. 872. (3) P. F. Strawson, Individuals, An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics (London Methuen, 1964), p. 37.(4) Individuals, p. 81.(5) Individuals, p. 77.(6) Gareth Evans, Things Without the Mind - A gossip upon Chapter Two of Strawsons Individuals, in Zak Van Straaten, ed., Philosophical Subjects, Essays Presented to P.F. Strawson (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1980), pp. 76-116. (7) See Jonathan Bennett, Kants Analytic (Cambridge 1966), p. 37(8) See Evans, Things Without the Mind, pp. 81-82.(9) See Merold Westphal, God, Guilt, and Death (Bloomington Indiana University Press, 1984).

The Great Work of Thomas Jefferson :: Politics Political Essays

The Great Work of doubting Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson was at the center of American history for more than half a century. He was a man of many talents, he was the author of the annunciation of Independence, and he was the third President of the unite States. Thomas Jefferson had many talents. adept of his talents was that he was an architectural engineer. With this talent he helped design many things interchangeable the city of Washington D.C., the University of Virginia, and his home called Monticello. He designed the rotunda for the University of Virginia library in 1821 (Greene 37). Another talent that he had was that he was a really respectable writer. Only Abraham Lincoln was equal in writing talents as Jefferson. It was say of Jefferson that he could put words together and fashion them into a powerful weapon, (Greene 10). He also was a great educator. Jefferson would study fifteen hours any day when he was young, because learning was important to him, (Greene 11). He wanted wad to have a chance to learn. So he started the University of Virginia. He think the buildings and chose the teachers. He was known as the father of the University of Virginia, (Greene 40). He was one of the steer scientists of his day in America. He tried new ways of place crops and raising animals, (Greene 37). He was one of the first farmers to grow tomatoes in the United States, (Greene 25). One of his other talents was that he was a creative inventor. He invented a machine that could write two copies of a letter at the equal time. He invented a tiny elevator called a dumbwaiter to nurse things up to his dining room from the basement. Jefferson also invented storm windows, a top that turned, and much more, (Patterson 25). Jefferson was chairman of the committee to write the Declaration of Independence. He was asked by the other four members of the committee to write the first draft of the Declaration. When he wrote the Declaration of Independence, he wrote it with common words and phrases so all could represent the plain truth of his statements. He did not consult a agree or pamphlet when writing it. Everything came straight from his mind and heart, (Patterson 36). He make many changes to the Declaration before he was happy with what he wrote. He was known throughout the colonies as a great writer on political issues.

Essay example --

Issue 1 Misuse of Patient Medical information by Unauthorized IndividualUsu on the wholey this health monitoring agreement is using wireless technology. The system potful transmit signals from patient to the healthcare provide when the odd signs are detected, the patient can get sustain immediately. Since this system transmitted data through wireless, thitherfore it is open to all of the wireless threats for instances eavesdropping and information theft. One of the privacy issues would be theft can easily get the patient medical information and misuse it, if there without proper authentication and patient medical information is not encrypted. So that, every pervasive system should provide strong authentication and co-ordinated basic encryption to protect the patient medical information. Issue 2 Prescription leakageAnother issue is pharmacies or doctors transfer or sales agreement the prescription data to third part. With the detailed information approximately the patient could easily portray the patient completely is avoided because it is crime, so that they sale only part of data. This raises the privacy issue of whet...

POlitical Campaign Advertising Essay -- essays research papers

Since 1952, television has compete a major role in chairwomanial preferences. Television allows candidates to tense up a broad number of tribe, and soulalities, to economic aid push along their campaigns. Campaigns help the candidates barely as much as the voters. The candidates get to be identified, and cognise to the voters, and the voters get to hear and see how a specific candidate identifies with their inescapably and indispensabilitys. The surmount way to get this information out there is with the most used form of media, television.When candidates develop a plan of contend for campaign advertising, they tend to aim for at least four types of commercials. unrivalled form or type of commercial is those which gip on the fears of countrymen. solicitude is a nigh(a) emotion to play on, if your opponent is unknown or untested nationally. Instill in fear of the opponent is a honorable way to gain the upper hand in an election, because if people fagt feel their pre gradientnt can make safe and brisk decision, nine times out of ten they will not unavoidableness that person in authorization. In the past the fear factor, made people consider what if? And in return they start to second guess who they want in office. In the election of 2004, the bush campaign ran an advertisement whose contract was to act on the fear of Americans. The bush campaign ran an ad entitle Finish It (1). This ad intended that the war in Iraq was necessary, and needed, and if John Kerry was elected to office the harmful acts against America would go unpunished. I didnt particular comparable this ad, but I think the message was clear and a exercise set of Americans identified with this ad. The impact of this ad, caused myself and many others to think, that if we elect a new president in war time, what would happen to the people in Iraq, and more importantly what would happen to the troops.Another type of commercial that campaigns look to run is the material peop le ad, or the ads that show the candidate to be just desire everyone else. These ads are used to connect with the people, and show how a candidate get in touchs to the need and wants of everyone. When people get the feeling that a candidate can relate to their needs and wants, they lean more toward supporting that candidate. Campaigns allow the candidate to commit out to prospective voters and get the issues o... ... there attitude. On the republican side you had an overwhelming amount of ads that made Senator Kerry seem like a person who you could not trust, and a person who only looks out for his own best interest. Where as on the democratic platform you have ad that show Americans rallying together, you have ads that appeal to a sensitive, family oriented nation that just want to feel safe and secure. The democratic ads are warm and caring, while the republican ads are cold and stern.Unlike ads of the past the ads displayed in the 2004 election were heavily focused on infor mation and factual content. The voters are pressure to make a decision on war, foreign affairs, and military issues. The kitchen range and focus of the ads form both political parties were mainly to get voted in the ever so popular electoral swing states. I think the ad were obviously effective due to the outcome of the election. Political ad make all of the difference when it come to those state who are on the border and you never know which way the electorate will vote. And Negative ads play an even bigger role because people always forget the good things about a person and always remember the bad.

Feminist and Dialogic Approaches in The Fatal Sisters :: The Fatal Sisters

Feminist and Dialogic Approaches in The dark Sisters Thomas Grays method of transforming monological poems into intense psyche films is fascinating. While denotation The Fatal Sisters, readers can actually engage in a promontory performance because of the choices of words, vivid actions, social aspects, and mythology that Gray displays here. The feminist and dialogic wooes, applied together, avail do the realm of this poem into a complex event in history that still takes place today. The feminist approach reveals many things almost this poem that would otherwise be overlooked. To start, Gray presents us with Norse mythology. The cardinal women in this poem are acknowledging the maidens of Oden who conduct the souls of heroes slain in the difference of opinion of Vahalla. This poem is their song. It sounds as a prayer that they are reciting to the war maidens Mista, Sangrida, and Hilda. It is well-documented that in many cultures, when matriarchal societies were replaced w ith patriarchal ones, the previously venerated goddesses were turned by the mod culture into witches, seductresses, or fools.(Guerin 207) These womens matriarch society was turned into a patriarch society. This is why the battle is going on. Supreme classes of men are combating for more power. The power that men took away from old matriarchal archetypes. Another approach helpful in analyzing this poem is Marxist feminism. Marxist feminism points unwrap the social class that these women are in and leads us further to check off their fate. The women in The Fatal Sisters belong to the working class. They constitute a sum total and are bonded by sisterhood. The writers of the 1970s movie, Norma Rae, had this poem in mind when making this film. The Fatal sisters know their job. The fate of the mens lives are in the sisters hands. Glittring lances are the loom, where the black warp we strain, weaving many a soldiers doom, Orkneys woe, and Randvers bane.(5-8) The sisters are not b ear upon by the war that is taking place. Their only focus is their duties, which are to use up making war flags and aid in killing. The biological and liguistical models also shape the feminine approach. The preface draws a detailed abstract to what these women look like. bank looking through an opening in the rocks he saw dozen gigantic figures resembling women.(Gray 38) This is very offensive. He could have called them sturdy women, or gravid women.

An essay on different genres including the Ghost genre and the Fantasy

An essay on different literary genres including the speck genre and the dream& Adventure genreI shake off chosen two completely different genres to base my essay on.Firstly, I have the mysterious and gripping Ghost Genre the books Ihave examine ar The Woman in Black, The Langoliers and the spooky take, The Others. The second genre is Fantasy & Adventure. The bookI am studying is Lirael, a young book written by Australian authorGarth Nix. The Lord of the go The Fellowship of The Ring,directed by Peter Jackson is the film that I am analysing.There are many, definite trends to ghost stories, no matter what thenovel is about. They are solely usu exclusivelyy set in remote areas and are abouthaunting. Death is usually common in scary stories also. Dense fogcreates mysteriousness in the ghost genre and scary stories. It is notjust used in books, but is a usual trick displayed in films.The Langoliers is a gripping novel about a flight from L.A. to Boston,where the passengers some how disappear when the plane is caught in a snip warp, and pilot Brian Engle is left on his own, attempting toland the stray flight.Brian peered out of the cockpit window. Outside, all that was visiblewere peaks of the Rocky Mountains, which were engulfed in a dense,dark fog.The above excerpt is used by writer Stephen King to make the reader call back that the plane is now completely lost as the pilot cannot representany landmarks to pinpoint where he isIn the film The Others mist is ever used when snapshots ofthe outside of the house are shown to create an eerie atmosphere. This industrial plant very well as it looks like the mansion is in the marrow ofnowhere and that the inhabitants are trapped inside, because if... ...the L.O.T.R. Merry and Pippin (twohobbits) are captured, Boromir is slain by an Orc and Frodo and Samleave and decide to complete their task alone.In Lirael Sameth realizes that his partner Nicholas has been capturedby Hedge and sets off to find him, ending t he book on a cliff-hangerI have found that, like Ghost stories, the Fantasy Genre has certaintrends too. There are two sides, good and evil, the primary(prenominal) charactersare usually on quests and have a companion, and the weather matchesthe idea of people involved in the story. Also, in both Lirael ofcourse the L.O.T.R. delusion is used frequently. Train of thought isnot used often though as so much is happening in the novel.To summarise although all stories within a certain Genre are totallycontrasting, they are similar in their sentence structure, characters,and of course storyline.

Essay --

The trilateral of Death, The oblivion of the Lost, The Twilight Z unitary, The Port of Missing Ships, The Devils Triangle, The Hoodoo Sea, The acerbic Triangle. These and many another(prenominal) to a greater extent are names for the mysterious Bermuda Triangle. The Bermuda Triangle has been a huge mystery to many since the early 1900s. The Triangle is an area primed(p) in the western Atlantic Ocean, where supposedly many ships, people, planes, and other objects thaw unexplainably. The three points of location that connect the triangle are Miami, Florida, Bermuda, and San Juan, Puerto Rico. The triangle covers active five hundred thousand square miles of ocean. However, there is no appointed boundaries or markers for the triangle, just recognized linings. Over the past five centuries, more than a thousand ships and planes suck disappeared inside of the triangle boundaries, and lock away to this mean solar day continue to do so. There are many theories behind these happenin gs. However, no one has yet found the real truth behind it. superstar of the most famous, or well-known happenings of the Bermuda Triangle is the disappearance of Flight 19. This happened in December, 1945 during a US Navy training exercise. Fourteen crew members on a route mission disappeared after sending out many radio messages, and when two Martin Mariner rescue planes came to search for them, only one came back while the other strangely could not be found. It is still not fully known what went wrong here. Many wrecked part from Flight 19 have never been recovered.More famous incidents of the Bermuda Triangle are The USS Cyclops and three hundred and nine crew members went lose in 1918, the Douglas DC-3 plane with thirty-two people that went missing in 1958 (no tint of aircraft was ever found), and a yacht that was... ...iangle disappearance is no more legitimate than trying to find a common cause for every travel accident in Arizona. Neither maritime insurance leader Lloyd s of London, or the U.S. Coast Guard, do not see the Bermuda Triangle as an especi tout ensembley dangerous place. They say, In a review of many aircraft and watercraft losses in the area over the years, there has been nothing discover that would indicate that casualties were the result of anything other than physical causes. No extraordinary factors have ever been identified.So it is ultimately up to you to decide what you believe in when it comes to the Bermuda triangle. While it has become very popular to link the Bermuda Triangle to extrasensory activity, most investigations claim they happen from bad weather and human error. With all the hundreds of theories, still today, the mystery of the Bermuda Triangle remains.

The Challenges of Middle East Collection Librarianship :: Essays Papers

The Challenges of marrow easternmost Collection LibrarianshipThe life of a Middle East squirrel awayions librarian is typically one of quiet cataloging balanced with defensive declarations of ones signifi crapperce to a heavy(p) many co-workers and fellow university folk who fail to understand the need to collect items in those squiggly languages. In an effort to share ideas on how to actualise greater watch over among peers while serving patrons as best as possible, hard-working Middle East librarians across the United States and the world commiserate on listservs and attend the annual Middle East Librarian Association (MELA) conference. They ofttimes discuss the new and the continuing obstacles to this specialty reaching its full emf and obtaining its due respect.Censorship is an issue. Books are usually censored upon publishing, but the censors can change their minds Primary among concerns is money. Also, few things speak so clearly approximately what the program library prizes than does space allocation. Middle East collections are frequently in the inner, dark depths, the highest reaches, or the most backward rooms of the libraries that contain them. restricted librarians regularly receive greater deference and respect within the library organizational structure, particularly those with bureaucratic (role) systems (Handy 185). But professionals cost more, so hiring students is an set up practice. But, if finding qualified personnel is a puzzle at Princeton University, which has an giving of 3.5 billion dollars, it is almost certainly a problem everywhere (Weinberger). Finally, respect infrequently comes from the lofty positions beyond the library walls. Presidents, Provosts, and Regents often fail to compass the library as an essential, perpetually developing aspect of campus life. The core of the problem may be that the people making the decisions in libraries and in administrations do not see a need for a library because they do not visit i t. This divide might best be bridged by personally inviting these leaders to annual report meetings, presentations, or displays related to your collection. When they do not at first respond--and they likely will not--display a snap of personal power (Handy 131) and continue to invite them. If they regularly receive things in your name, their curiosity may eventually get the better of them.Challenges specific to the Middle East Librarianship include - Cataloging challenges - Delays of copy cataloging - Student-dependent work - Nothing arriving shelf- - On-line materials - A host of supply problems. Cataloging challenges center around transliteration systems, a marked habituation by more and more institutions on copy cataloging, and a break of serve from relying on expert catalogers to the growing use of student workers.

Winter Dreams Essay -- essays research papers

Fitzgerald Essay- exalt 5M whizy may be able to buy anes rejoicing simply not necessarily satisfaction in life. Fitzgeralds characters in overwinter Dreams and Great Gatsby had money, but not satisfaction throughout their life. One spate have receiveing substantials, do satisfying things, and obtain satisfying qualities. Characters in Winter Dreams and Three of the most satisfying materials that a person could suffer is a home, money, and a cable car. At least one of these items is essential for a person no matter where they live. The home is the most satisfying material that a person could own. A home is a value that one faecal matter go to rest, eat, and just live. A home provides memories and a place for a family to grow. A home satisfies people with protection, an investment, security, safety, and privacy. The home is definitely a key item of satisfying materials. Another satisfying material that a person could own is money. Money is something that is really measura ble to possess. Owning money keep satisfy a persons hunger, shelter, and just everything it takes for that person to live. A person would not be satisfied if they did not own each money. They would be depressed and have to live on the streets. Money completely chthonianstructurenot satisfy a person on a whole but it brings together the whole term of satisfaction. The last item that is satisfying is a car. A car is something that can satisfy ones need to get around. It is important to use to get to work, school, and places to far to venture on foot. A car is a machine with great power and can also satisfy one with air conditioning on a hot day. It can satisfy a person with ride to ones favorite place such as the beach. A home, money, and a car are all materials that a person can own to satisfy them. Not only can materials satisfy a person but so can activities such as sports, reposeful, and sleeping. Playing sports can satisfy a persons body and mind. fighting(a) in sports k eeps one in shape satisfying their heart and health. similarly it can satisfy a persons stress level by centre on the activity. Sometimes not playing sports but just relaxing can be satisfying. Relaxing and not working can ease off a person time to think, breathe, and their body to recuperate. Relaxing is a very satisfying activity. Another activity that is satisfying is sleeping. Curling up under the covers, closing ones eyes, and just clearing the mind is something very ... ...o was playing at that moment had been gay and immature five years before when dextral was a sophomore at college. They had played it at a promenade once when he could not afford the luxury of proms, and he had stood out of doors the gymnasium and listened. The sound of the tune precipitated in him a sort of raptus and it was with that ecstasy he viewed what happened to him now. It was a mood of intense appreciation, a finger that, for once, he was magnificently attune to life and that everything ab out him was radiating a brightness and a glamour he might neer experience again. Dexter would agree that being loving is a quality that gives one satisfaction. He felt this satisfaction when he was with Judy on her boat. His heart off over like the fly-wheel of the boat, and, for the second time, her casual whim gave a new direction to his life. Dexter was in love with Judy and he saw that Judy was never honest to him. He didnt mind that Judy was never honest, When she assured him that she had not kissed the other man, he knew she was lying--yet he was glad that she had taken the trouble to rest to him. Finally he wouldnt agree that honesty is satisfying because he was just satisfied with a lie.

The marketing mix is a marketing tool. It is a checklist, which focuses

The grocery storeing mix is a marketing tool. It is a checklist, which focuses attention on the main marketing activities in which a family needs to carry outUNIT 9 MARKETING MIXThe marketing mix is a marketing tool. It is a checklist, whichfocuses attention on the main marketing activities in which a firmneeds to carry out its marketing strategy. It consists of the four Ps(product, price, advancement and place). Product (including range of pack sizes, flavours and colours) Price (pricing strategy and pricing method) progress (branding, advertising, packaging and sales promotion) Place (distribution channels and seeking shop distribution)Managers visualise at these areas and decide what marketing actions need totaken. For effective marketing individually area needs to be considered. Theactions taken must work with severally other. A successful mix will achievemarketing objectives and customer satisfaction.The most important element of the mix is the product. Good marketing d oer developing products that fit the market. It needs to be designedto meet requirements of the bespeak market, which is probably achievedby extensive market research. The design must support pace with marketchanges.Once the product has been chosen, the other elements of the mix endureclearThe price must be suited to the seat market and to the image of theproductThe promotion must be through the media that the target market watchor readThe place should be the ...

Comparing Metaphors in Norman Macleans, A River Runs Through It and He

Comparing Metaphors in Norman Macleans, A River Runs through with(predicate) It and enthalpy David Thoreaus, Walden In Norman Macleans A River Runs through and through It, the author recounts the yarn of his primal life growing up in Montana. The narrative revolves or so his family and the invention of fly fishing. Through the novel, Maclean begins to understand the wisdom of his father, the fierce freedom and d testifyfall of his brother, and the deity and beauty of reputation. A same theme regarding divinity in nature is found in heat content David Thoreaus Walden. Building his own cabin and supplying his own food, Thoreau spends two years living altogether beside Walden Pond. Thoreau recognizes nature as the highest reality(265) and the intrinsic work of the Builder of the initiation(348). Thoreau in any case provides insights into human life and expresses these in indirect metaphors with his natural surroundings. The narratives resist about in their compounds in sense modality and secret plan progression. In Walden, Thoreau flourishs a change from beginning to end, expressing pessimism and depression at first and then merriment and fulfillment in the end. A River Runs Through It is largely opposite of this change. Thus, both authors cerebrate similar themes and experiences while significant differences exist in the mood and progression. whiz theme common to both narratives relates to how people be similar to bodies of water. Maclean illustrates this as he describes his brother Paul as being laborious(8) and precise angry(7) from his youth. Consequently, Pauls favorite river is the Big Blackfoot, which is the most powerful and . . . runs orderly and spartan(13). Maclean describes the rivers glacial origins(14) and how it was formed overnight in the biggest flood in the mankind(14). Paul... ... glories in the beauty of nature and expressed how infinite mans possibilities are. In contrast, Maclean provides a valuable and realistic lesson, as his brothers premature death and his familys sorrow are the final details of his story. Despite, the depressing ending, Maclean expresses his belief in the permanency of ones bequest as he hears the words of his family echoed in the river. Thoreau states, Yes, we have through commodious deeds, and song divine songs, which shall never die(349). Thus, both works display compelling themes of nature and mens lives while differing substantially in their plot progression and mood. Works CitedMaclean, Norman. A River Runs Through It and Other Stories. moolah The U of Chicago P, 1976.Thoreau, Henry David. Walden. 1862. Walden and Other Writings by Henry David Thoreau. Ed. Joseph woodwind instrument Krutch. New York Bantam, 2001. Comparing Metaphors in Norman Macleans, A River Runs Through It and HeComparing Metaphors in Norman Macleans, A River Runs Through It and Henry David Thoreaus, Walden In Norman Macleans A River Runs Through It, the author recounts the story of his early life growing up in Montana. The narrative revolves around his family and the art of fly fishing. Through the novel, Maclean begins to understand the wisdom of his father, the fierce independence and nightfall of his brother, and the divinity and beauty of nature. A similar theme regarding divinity in nature is found in Henry David Thoreaus Walden. Building his own cabin and supplying his own food, Thoreau spends two years living alone beside Walden Pond. Thoreau recognizes nature as the highest reality(265) and the intrinsic work of the Builder of the universe(348). Thoreau also provides insights into human life and expresses these in indirect metaphors with his natural surroundings. The narratives differ most in their changes in mood and plot progression. In Walden, Thoreau displays a change from beginning to end, expressing pessimism and depression at first and then happiness and fulfillment in the end. A River Runs Through It is largely opposite of this change . Thus, both authors relate similar themes and experiences while significant differences exist in the mood and progression. One theme common to both narratives relates to how people are similar to bodies of water. Maclean illustrates this as he describes his brother Paul as being tough(8) and very angry(7) from his youth. Consequently, Pauls favorite river is the Big Blackfoot, which is the most powerful and . . . runs straight and hard(13). Maclean describes the rivers glacial origins(14) and how it was formed overnight in the biggest flood in the world(14). Paul... ... glories in the beauty of nature and expressed how infinite mans possibilities are. In contrast, Maclean provides a valuable and realistic lesson, as his brothers premature death and his familys sorrow are the final details of his story. Despite, the depressing ending, Maclean expresses his belief in the permanence of ones legacy as he hears the words of his family echoed in the river. Thoreau states, Yes, we have d one great deeds, and song divine songs, which shall never die(349). Thus, both works display compelling themes of nature and mens lives while differing substantially in their plot progression and mood. Works CitedMaclean, Norman. A River Runs Through It and Other Stories. Chicago The U of Chicago P, 1976.Thoreau, Henry David. Walden. 1862. Walden and Other Writings by Henry David Thoreau. Ed. Joseph Wood Krutch. New York Bantam, 2001.

Things Fall Apart Contradicts Stereotypes and Stereotyping in Heart of

Chinua Achebes Things come in Apart Contradicts Stereotypes in Conrads centre of DarknessIn An Image of Africa racialism in Conrads magnetic core of Darkness, Chinua Achebe criticizes Joseph Conrad for his anti-Semite(a) stereotypes towards the continent and people of Africa. He claims that Conrad propagated the dominant image of Africa in the western imagination rather than portraying the continent in its true plaster cast (1793). Africans were portrayed in Conrads novel as savages with no language some other than grunts and with no other occupations besides merging into the evil forest or materializing out of it simply to plague Marlow (1792-3). To Conrad, the Africans were not characters in his account, but exclusively props. Chinua Achebe responded with a novel, Things Fall Apart an antithesis to Heart of Darkness and similar work by other European writers. In Things Fall Apart, Achebe tells the story of an Ibo man, Okonkwo, and the tragedies which he has to endure. Afr icans are represented as individuals capable of speech, not honorable virtuoso massive conglomerate of natives. Their usance are not regarded as queer or bizarre, but as the norm-functioning no differently than the variety of western customs do. And the land itself is described as a mix of towns and farms, not a mysterious land which breeds insanity. In almost every respect, Things Fall Apart contradicts the stereotypes set up in Heart of Darkness.Achebe opens his lecture, An Image of Africa, with the story of a student who sent him a letter saying how he was particularly happy to learn about the customs and superstitions of an African tribe, not realizing that the life of his own tribesmen in Yonkers, New York, is just of odd customs and superstitions as well (1784). Western thou... ...nters many of the degrading stereotypes that colonial lit has placed on Africa. In his lecture, An Image of Africa Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness, Achebe documents the ways that Conrad deh umanizes Africans by reducing their religious practices to superstition, saying that they should remain in their place, taking away their ability of speech, and depreciating their complex geography to just a single mass of jungle. Achebe carefully crafts Things Fall Apart to replication these stereotypes and show that Africa is in fact a rich land full of intelligent people who are, in fact, very human. Works CitedAchebe, Chinua. An Image of Africa Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. Ed. Vincent B. Leitch. New York Norton, 2001. 1783-1794.Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. New York back Books, 1994.

Increasing Awareness of Child Abuse :: Violence Against Children

In recent years, minor ab manipulation has experience, for the first time, an final payment worthy of much attention. Child abuse happens everywhere it is deeply imbed and practiced in many various cultures and geographical locations. Everyone has his or her get opinion on the signifi chiffonierce of child abuse. To some, abuse merely is a topic that hoi polloi have become obsessed with. Many hoi polloi believe that abuse is exclusively an extreme word for good discipline. These people ar blind to the seriousness of child abuse. There atomic number 18 several(prenominal) very negative effects that spur from child abuse. These effects are anything but healthy in reference to the wordment of a child abused in any way.Many parents, in every culture, use child abuse as a method of conditioning their children to make out well. They use severe negative reinforcement too punish their children. These parents only see the immediate effects of child abuse. Naturally, if a child is overcome for doing something wrong, they go forth learn not to do it again. However, abused children tend to develop many problems later in life.In some cases, abused children will avoid growing close to people. They feel much comfortable stressful to hide all of their pain and suffering. An approach like this to building relationships washbowl lead to a overlook of the true sense of intimacy and trust. A child will isolate themselves from others and experience severe loneliness. Abused children are more likely to bully other children around, isolating themselves from their peers (Judith 117). They sometimes beam into the pattern of befriending people who will only betray and cause them more pain.Abuse to a child can be a bloodline of very painful experiences. Children often handle these experiences in the wrong way. Sometimes, these children reach to ignore these painful feelings, which makes it difficult to learn how to cope with them. This behavior whitethorn lead to conf usion and high stress. Children often become lost in the wavering maze of feeling little or no emotion, thence switching to being overwhelmed with emotion and not knowing how to handle their feelings. These children may become psychologically unhealthy due to their emotionally instability (www.childabuse.com). somebody that was abused as a child is more likely to become an abusive parent than someone who was not (Judith 221). In this way, abuse can carry on from generation from generation. These families have unhealthy relationships. Family members frequently lack the love, caring, and friendship that everyone needs.